diff --git a/examples/meson.build b/examples/meson.build
index 28a83cccc..524c91d2d 100644
--- a/examples/meson.build
+++ b/examples/meson.build
@@ -49,6 +49,8 @@ compositors = {
 	},
 }
 
+subdir('render-pass-ext')
+
 foreach name, info : compositors
 	extra_src = []
 	foreach p : info.get('proto', [])
diff --git a/examples/render-pass-ext/gles2/meson.build b/examples/render-pass-ext/gles2/meson.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b317d51c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/render-pass-ext/gles2/meson.build
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+subdir('shaders')
+
+gles2_sources = [
+	files('triangle_pass.c'),
+	gles2_shader_sources,
+]
diff --git a/examples/render-pass-ext/gles2/shaders/meson.build b/examples/render-pass-ext/gles2/shaders/meson.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..96a52bfca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/render-pass-ext/gles2/shaders/meson.build
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+custom_pass_embed = find_program('../../../../render/gles2/shaders/embed.sh', native: true)
+triangle_vert = custom_target(
+	'custom-render-pass-triangle-vert',
+	command: [custom_pass_embed, 'custom_triangle_vert'],
+	input: 'triangle.vert',
+	output: 'triangle_vert.h',
+	feed: true,
+	capture: true,
+)
+triangle_frag = custom_target(
+	'custom-render-pass-triangle-frag',
+	command: [custom_pass_embed, 'custom_triangle_frag'],
+	input: 'triangle.frag',
+	output: 'triangle_frag.h',
+	feed: true,
+	capture: true,
+)
+
+gles2_shader_sources = [
+	triangle_vert,
+	triangle_frag,
+]
diff --git a/examples/render-pass-ext/gles2/shaders/triangle.frag b/examples/render-pass-ext/gles2/shaders/triangle.frag
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0b0cbc968
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/render-pass-ext/gles2/shaders/triangle.frag
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+#ifdef GL_FRAGMENT_PRECISION_HIGH
+precision highp float;
+#else
+precision mediump float;
+#endif
+
+varying vec3 v_color;
+
+void main() {
+	gl_FragColor = vec4(v_color, 1.0);
+}
diff --git a/examples/render-pass-ext/gles2/shaders/triangle.vert b/examples/render-pass-ext/gles2/shaders/triangle.vert
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e0c51f3c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/render-pass-ext/gles2/shaders/triangle.vert
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+attribute vec2 pos;
+attribute vec3 color;
+varying vec3 v_color;
+
+void main() {
+	gl_Position = vec4(pos, 0.0, 1.0);
+	v_color = color;
+}
diff --git a/examples/render-pass-ext/gles2/triangle_pass.c b/examples/render-pass-ext/gles2/triangle_pass.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c7e53062f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/render-pass-ext/gles2/triangle_pass.c
@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <wlr/render/gles2.h>
+#include <wlr/util/log.h>
+#include <render/gles2.h>
+
+#include "triangle_pass.h"
+
+#include "triangle_vert.h"
+#include "triangle_frag.h"
+
+static void custom_triangle_render(struct wlr_render_pass *render_pass,
+		const struct custom_render_triangle_options *options) {
+	struct wlr_gles2_render_pass *wlr_gles2_pass =
+		wlr_gles2_render_pass_from_render_pass(render_pass);
+	struct render_triangle_pass *base =
+		wlr_gles2_pass->buffer->renderer->wlr_renderer.data;
+	struct gles2_render_triangle_pass *triangle_pass =
+		gles2_render_triangle_pass_from_pass(base);
+	struct wlr_gles2_renderer *renderer = wlr_gles2_pass->buffer->renderer;
+
+	struct wlr_box box;
+	struct wlr_buffer *wlr_buffer = wlr_gles2_pass->buffer->buffer;
+	custom_render_triangle_options_get_box(options, wlr_buffer, &box);
+
+	int width = wlr_gles2_pass->buffer->buffer->width;
+	int height = wlr_gles2_pass->buffer->buffer->height;
+
+	float x0 = options->box.x + options->box.width * 0.50f;
+	float y0 = options->box.y + options->box.height * 0.10f;
+	float x1 = options->box.x + options->box.width * 0.10f;
+	float y1 = options->box.y + options->box.height * 0.90f;
+	float x2 = options->box.x + options->box.width * 0.90f;
+	float y2 = options->box.y + options->box.height * 0.90f;
+
+	GLfloat verts[3][5] = {
+		{ x0 / width * 2.0f - 1.0f, 1.0f - y0 / height * 2.0f, 1.0f, 0.1f, 0.1f },
+		{ x1 / width * 2.0f - 1.0f, 1.0f - y1 / height * 2.0f, 0.1f, 1.0f, 0.1f },
+		{ x2 / width * 2.0f - 1.0f, 1.0f - y2 / height * 2.0f, 0.1f, 0.2f, 1.0f },
+	};
+
+	wlr_gles2_push_debug(renderer);
+	glDisable(GL_SCISSOR_TEST);
+	glDisable(GL_BLEND);
+
+	glUseProgram(triangle_pass->shader.program);
+	wlr_gles_set_proj_matrix(triangle_pass->shader.proj, wlr_gles2_pass->projection_matrix, &box);
+	glEnableVertexAttribArray(triangle_pass->shader.pos_attrib);
+	glVertexAttribPointer(triangle_pass->shader.pos_attrib, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE,
+		5 * sizeof(GLfloat), verts);
+	glEnableVertexAttribArray(triangle_pass->shader.color_attrib);
+	glVertexAttribPointer(triangle_pass->shader.color_attrib, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE,
+		5 * sizeof(GLfloat), &verts[0][2]);
+
+	glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 3);
+
+	glDisableVertexAttribArray(triangle_pass->shader.pos_attrib);
+	glDisableVertexAttribArray(triangle_pass->shader.color_attrib);
+	wlr_gles2_pop_debug(renderer);
+}
+
+static void custom_triangle_destroy(struct render_triangle_pass *pass) {
+	struct gles2_render_triangle_pass *gles2_pass =
+		gles2_render_triangle_pass_from_pass(pass);
+	if (gles2_pass->shader.program != 0) {
+		glDeleteProgram(gles2_pass->shader.program);
+	}
+
+	free(gles2_pass);
+}
+
+static const struct render_triangle_pass_impl custom_triangle_impl = {
+	.destroy = custom_triangle_destroy,
+	.render = custom_triangle_render,
+};
+
+struct render_triangle_pass *gles2_render_triangle_pass_create(
+		struct wlr_renderer *wlr_renderer) {
+	struct gles2_render_triangle_pass *pass = calloc(1, sizeof(*pass));
+	if (pass == NULL) {
+		wlr_log_errno(WLR_ERROR, "failed to allocate gles2_render_triangle_pass");
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	struct wlr_gles2_renderer *renderer =  wlr_gles2_renderer_from_renderer(wlr_renderer);
+	if (!wlr_egl_make_current(renderer->egl, NULL)) {
+		free(pass);
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	render_triangle_pass_init(&pass->base, &custom_triangle_impl);
+	wlr_gles2_push_debug(renderer);
+	GLuint prog;
+	pass->shader.program = prog =
+		wlr_gles2_link_program(renderer, custom_triangle_vert, custom_triangle_frag);
+	if (!pass->shader.program) {
+		goto error;
+	}
+
+	pass->shader.proj = -1;
+	pass->shader.color_attrib = glGetAttribLocation(pass->shader.program, "color");
+	pass->shader.pos_attrib = glGetAttribLocation(pass->shader.program, "pos");
+	if (pass->shader.pos_attrib < 0 || pass->shader.color_attrib < 0) {
+		wlr_log(WLR_ERROR, "triangle shader attribute lookup failed: pos=%d color=%d",
+			pass->shader.pos_attrib, pass->shader.color_attrib);
+		goto error;
+	}
+	wlr_gles2_pop_debug(renderer);
+	wlr_egl_unset_current(renderer->egl);
+	pass->renderer = renderer;
+	return &pass->base;
+
+error:
+	render_triangle_pass_destroy(&pass->base);
+	wlr_gles2_pop_debug(renderer);
+	wlr_egl_unset_current(renderer->egl);
+
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+bool render_triangle_pass_is_gles2(const struct render_triangle_pass *triangle_pass) {
+	return triangle_pass->impl == & custom_triangle_impl;
+}
+
+struct gles2_render_triangle_pass *gles2_render_triangle_pass_from_pass(
+		struct render_triangle_pass *triangle_pass) {
+	if (!render_triangle_pass_is_gles2(triangle_pass)) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	struct gles2_render_triangle_pass *gles2_pass =
+		wl_container_of(triangle_pass, gles2_pass, base);
+
+	return gles2_pass;
+}
diff --git a/examples/render-pass-ext/gles2/triangle_pass.h b/examples/render-pass-ext/gles2/triangle_pass.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2e22339cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/render-pass-ext/gles2/triangle_pass.h
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+#ifndef GLES2_TRIANGLE_PASS_PASS_H
+#define GLES2_TRIANGLE_PASS_PASS_H
+
+#include "../triangle_pass.h"
+
+#include <render/gles2.h>
+
+#include <GLES2/gl2.h>
+
+struct gles2_render_triangle_pass {
+	struct render_triangle_pass base;
+	struct wlr_gles2_renderer *renderer;
+	struct {
+		GLuint program;
+		GLint proj;
+		GLint pos_attrib;
+		GLint color_attrib;
+	} shader;
+};
+
+struct render_triangle_pass *gles2_render_triangle_pass_create(
+	struct wlr_renderer *wlr_renderer);
+bool render_triangle_pass_is_gles2(const struct render_triangle_pass *triangle_pass);
+struct gles2_render_triangle_pass *gles2_render_triangle_pass_from_pass(
+	struct render_triangle_pass *triangle_pass);
+
+#endif // GLES2_TRIANGLE_PASS_PASS_H
diff --git a/examples/render-pass-ext/meson.build b/examples/render-pass-ext/meson.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0ae142af6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/render-pass-ext/meson.build
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+gles2_sources = []
+pixman_sources = []
+vulkan_sources = []
+
+ if features.get('gles2-renderer')
+ 	subdir('gles2')
+ endif
+
+subdir('pixman')
+
+# if features.get('vulkan-renderer')
+# 	subdir('vulkan')
+# endif
+
+executable(
+	'render-pass-ext',
+	[
+		'triangle_pass.c',
+		'render-pass-ext.c',
+		gles2_sources,
+		pixman_sources,
+		vulkan_sources,
+	],
+	dependencies: [wlroots, libdrm_header],
+	build_by_default: get_option('examples'),
+)
diff --git a/examples/render-pass-ext/pixman/meson.build b/examples/render-pass-ext/pixman/meson.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cdcd0763f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/render-pass-ext/pixman/meson.build
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+pixman_sources = [
+	files('triangle_pass.c'),
+]
diff --git a/examples/render-pass-ext/pixman/triangle_pass.c b/examples/render-pass-ext/pixman/triangle_pass.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3d4fada44
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/render-pass-ext/pixman/triangle_pass.c
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <assert.h>
+
+#include <wlr/render/pixman.h>
+#include <wlr/util/log.h>
+
+#include "render/pixman.h"
+#include "triangle_pass.h"
+
+static bool triangle_contains(float px, float py,
+		float x0, float y0, float x1, float y1, float x2, float y2,
+		float *w0, float *w1, float *w2) {
+	float denom = (y1 - y2) * (x0 - x2) + (x2 - x1) * (y0 - y2);
+	if (denom == 0.0f) {
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	*w0 = ((y1 - y2) * (px - x2) + (x2 - x1) * (py - y2)) / denom;
+	*w1 = ((y2 - y0) * (px - x2) + (x0 - x2) * (py - y2)) / denom;
+	*w2 = 1.0f - *w0 - *w1;
+	return *w0 >= 0.0f && *w1 >= 0.0f && *w2 >= 0.0f;
+}
+
+static void custom_triangle_pixman_render(struct wlr_render_pass *render_pass,
+		const struct custom_render_triangle_options *options) {
+	struct wlr_pixman_render_pass *pixman_pass =
+		wlr_pixman_render_pass_from_render_pass(render_pass);
+	pixman_image_t *dst = pixman_pass->buffer->image;
+	int w = options->box.width;
+	int h = options->box.height;
+	if (w <= 0 || h <= 0) {
+		pixman_image_set_clip_region32(dst, NULL);
+		return;
+	}
+
+	uint32_t *pixels = calloc((size_t)w * (size_t)h, sizeof(uint32_t));
+	if (pixels == NULL) {
+		pixman_image_set_clip_region32(dst, NULL);
+		return;
+	}
+
+	float x0 = w * 0.50f, y0 = h * 0.10f;
+	float x1 = w * 0.10f, y1 = h * 0.90f;
+	float x2 = w * 0.90f, y2 = h * 0.90f;
+
+	for (int y = 0; y < h; y++) {
+		for (int x = 0; x < w; x++) {
+			float w0, w1, w2;
+			if (!triangle_contains(x + 0.5f, y + 0.5f,
+					x0, y0, x1, y1, x2, y2, &w0, &w1, &w2)) {
+				continue;
+			}
+
+			uint8_t r = (uint8_t)(w0 * 255.0f);
+			uint8_t g = (uint8_t)(w1 * 255.0f);
+			uint8_t b = (uint8_t)(w2 * 255.0f);
+			pixels[y * w + x] = 0xFF000000u | ((uint32_t)r << 16) |
+				((uint32_t)g << 8) | (uint32_t)b;
+		}
+	}
+
+	pixman_image_t *triangle = pixman_image_create_bits(PIXMAN_a8r8g8b8,
+		w, h, pixels, w * sizeof(uint32_t));
+	pixman_image_composite32(PIXMAN_OP_OVER, triangle, NULL, dst,
+		0, 0, 0, 0, options->box.x, options->box.y, w, h);
+	pixman_image_unref(triangle);
+	pixman_image_set_clip_region32(dst, NULL);
+	free(pixels);
+}
+
+static void custom_triangle_pixman_destroy(struct render_triangle_pass *pass) {
+	struct pixman_render_triangle_pass *pixman_pass =
+		pixman_render_triangle_pass_from_pass(pass);
+	free(pixman_pass);
+}
+
+static const struct render_triangle_pass_impl render_triangle_pass_impl = {
+	.destroy = custom_triangle_pixman_destroy,
+	.render = custom_triangle_pixman_render,
+};
+
+struct render_triangle_pass *pixman_render_triangle_pass_create(
+		struct wlr_renderer *renderer) {
+	struct pixman_render_triangle_pass *pass = malloc(sizeof(*pass));
+	if (pass == NULL) {
+		wlr_log_errno(WLR_ERROR, "failed to allocate wlr_pixman_render_submit_pass");
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	render_triangle_pass_init(&pass->base, &render_triangle_pass_impl);
+
+	return &pass->base;
+}
+
+bool render_triangle_pass_is_pixman(const struct render_triangle_pass *triangle_pass) {
+	return triangle_pass->impl == &render_triangle_pass_impl;
+}
+
+struct pixman_render_triangle_pass *pixman_render_triangle_pass_from_pass(
+		struct render_triangle_pass *triangle_pass) {
+	assert(render_triangle_pass_is_pixman(triangle_pass));
+	struct pixman_render_triangle_pass *pixman_pass =
+		wl_container_of(triangle_pass, pixman_pass, base);
+
+	return pixman_pass;
+}
+
diff --git a/examples/render-pass-ext/pixman/triangle_pass.h b/examples/render-pass-ext/pixman/triangle_pass.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5267799a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/render-pass-ext/pixman/triangle_pass.h
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+#ifndef PIXMAN_TRIANGLE_PASS_PASS_H
+#define PIXMAN_TRIANGLE_PASS_PASS_H
+
+#include "../triangle_pass.h"
+
+struct pixman_render_triangle_pass {
+	struct render_triangle_pass base;
+};
+
+struct render_triangle_pass *pixman_render_triangle_pass_create(
+	struct wlr_renderer *renderer);
+bool render_triangle_pass_is_pixman(const struct render_triangle_pass *triangle_pass);
+struct pixman_render_triangle_pass *pixman_render_triangle_pass_from_pass(
+	struct render_triangle_pass *triangle_pass);
+
+#endif // PIXMAN_TRIANGLE_PASS_PASS_H
diff --git a/examples/render-pass-ext/render-pass-ext.c b/examples/render-pass-ext/render-pass-ext.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..eb09abd55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/render-pass-ext/render-pass-ext.c
@@ -0,0 +1,206 @@
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+#include <wayland-server-core.h>
+#include <wlr/backend.h>
+#include <wlr/config.h>
+#include <wlr/render/allocator.h>
+#include <wlr/types/wlr_input_device.h>
+#include <wlr/types/wlr_keyboard.h>
+#include <wlr/types/wlr_output.h>
+#include <wlr/util/log.h>
+#include <xkbcommon/xkbcommon.h>
+
+#include "triangle_pass.h"
+
+struct sample_state {
+	struct wl_display *display;
+	struct wl_listener new_output;
+	struct wl_listener new_input;
+	struct wl_listener renderer_destroy;
+	struct wlr_renderer *renderer;
+	struct wlr_allocator *allocator;
+};
+
+struct sample_output {
+	struct sample_state *sample;
+	struct wlr_output *output;
+	struct wl_listener frame;
+	struct wl_listener destroy;
+};
+
+struct sample_keyboard {
+	struct sample_state *sample;
+	struct wlr_keyboard *wlr_keyboard;
+	struct wl_listener key;
+	struct wl_listener destroy;
+};
+
+static void output_frame_notify(struct wl_listener *listener, void *data) {
+	struct sample_output *sample_output =
+		wl_container_of(listener, sample_output, frame);
+	struct wlr_output *wlr_output = sample_output->output;
+
+	struct wlr_output_state state;
+	wlr_output_state_init(&state);
+	struct wlr_render_pass *pass =
+		wlr_output_begin_render_pass(wlr_output, &state, NULL);
+
+	int size = wlr_output->height < wlr_output->width ?
+		(wlr_output->height * 3) / 4 : (wlr_output->width * 3) / 4;
+	struct wlr_box triangle_box = {
+		.x = (wlr_output->width - size) / 2,
+		.y = (wlr_output->height - size) / 2,
+		.width = size,
+		.height = size,
+	};
+	render_triangle_pass_add(pass,
+		&(struct custom_render_triangle_options){
+			.box = triangle_box,
+		});
+
+	wlr_render_pass_submit(pass);
+	wlr_output_commit_state(wlr_output, &state);
+	wlr_output_state_finish(&state);
+}
+
+static void output_remove_notify(struct wl_listener *listener, void *data) {
+	struct sample_output *sample_output =
+		wl_container_of(listener, sample_output, destroy);
+	wlr_log(WLR_DEBUG, "Output removed");
+	wl_list_remove(&sample_output->frame.link);
+	wl_list_remove(&sample_output->destroy.link);
+	free(sample_output);
+}
+
+static void new_output_notify(struct wl_listener *listener, void *data) {
+	struct wlr_output *output = data;
+	struct sample_state *sample =
+		wl_container_of(listener, sample, new_output);
+
+	wlr_output_init_render(output, sample->allocator, sample->renderer);
+	sample->renderer->data = get_or_create_render_triangle_pass(sample->renderer);
+	struct sample_output *sample_output = calloc(1, sizeof(*sample_output));
+	sample_output->output = output;
+	sample_output->sample = sample;
+	wl_signal_add(&output->events.frame, &sample_output->frame);
+	sample_output->frame.notify = output_frame_notify;
+	wl_signal_add(&output->events.destroy, &sample_output->destroy);
+	sample_output->destroy.notify = output_remove_notify;
+
+	struct wlr_output_state state;
+	wlr_output_state_init(&state);
+	wlr_output_state_set_enabled(&state, true);
+	struct wlr_output_mode *mode = wlr_output_preferred_mode(output);
+	if (mode != NULL) {
+		wlr_output_state_set_mode(&state, mode);
+	}
+	wlr_output_commit_state(output, &state);
+	wlr_output_state_finish(&state);
+}
+
+static void keyboard_key_notify(struct wl_listener *listener, void *data) {
+	struct sample_keyboard *keyboard = wl_container_of(listener, keyboard, key);
+	struct sample_state *sample = keyboard->sample;
+	struct wlr_keyboard_key_event *event = data;
+	uint32_t keycode = event->keycode + 8;
+	const xkb_keysym_t *syms;
+	int nsyms = xkb_state_key_get_syms(keyboard->wlr_keyboard->xkb_state,
+			keycode, &syms);
+	for (int i = 0; i < nsyms; i++) {
+		xkb_keysym_t sym = syms[i];
+		if (sym == XKB_KEY_Escape) {
+			wl_display_terminate(sample->display);
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+static void keyboard_destroy_notify(struct wl_listener *listener, void *data) {
+	struct sample_keyboard *keyboard =
+		wl_container_of(listener, keyboard, destroy);
+	wl_list_remove(&keyboard->destroy.link);
+	wl_list_remove(&keyboard->key.link);
+	free(keyboard);
+}
+
+static void new_input_notify(struct wl_listener *listener, void *data) {
+	struct wlr_input_device *device = data;
+	struct sample_state *sample = wl_container_of(listener, sample, new_input);
+	switch (device->type) {
+	case WLR_INPUT_DEVICE_KEYBOARD:;
+		struct sample_keyboard *keyboard = calloc(1, sizeof(*keyboard));
+		keyboard->wlr_keyboard = wlr_keyboard_from_input_device(device);
+		keyboard->sample = sample;
+		wl_signal_add(&device->events.destroy, &keyboard->destroy);
+		keyboard->destroy.notify = keyboard_destroy_notify;
+		wl_signal_add(&keyboard->wlr_keyboard->events.key, &keyboard->key);
+		keyboard->key.notify = keyboard_key_notify;
+		struct xkb_context *context = xkb_context_new(XKB_CONTEXT_NO_FLAGS);
+		if (!context) {
+			wlr_log(WLR_ERROR, "Failed to create XKB context");
+			exit(1);
+		}
+		struct xkb_keymap *keymap = xkb_keymap_new_from_names(context, NULL,
+			XKB_KEYMAP_COMPILE_NO_FLAGS);
+		if (!keymap) {
+			wlr_log(WLR_ERROR, "Failed to create XKB keymap");
+			exit(1);
+		}
+		wlr_keyboard_set_keymap(keyboard->wlr_keyboard, keymap);
+		xkb_keymap_unref(keymap);
+		xkb_context_unref(context);
+		break;
+	default:
+		break;
+	}
+}
+
+static void renderer_destroy_notify(struct wl_listener *listener, void *data) {
+	struct sample_state *sample = wl_container_of(listener, sample, renderer_destroy);
+	render_triangle_pass_destroy(sample->renderer->data);
+}
+
+int main(void) {
+	wlr_log_init(WLR_DEBUG, NULL);
+	struct wl_display *display = wl_display_create();
+	struct sample_state state = {
+		.display = display,
+	};
+
+	struct wlr_backend *backend = wlr_backend_autocreate(
+		wl_display_get_event_loop(display), NULL);
+	if (backend == NULL) {
+		return 1;
+	}
+
+	state.renderer = wlr_renderer_autocreate(backend);
+	if (state.renderer == NULL) {
+		wlr_log(WLR_ERROR, "Failed to create renderer");
+		wlr_backend_destroy(backend);
+		return 1;
+	}
+
+	wl_signal_add(&state.renderer->events.destroy, &state.renderer_destroy);
+	state.renderer_destroy.notify = renderer_destroy_notify;
+
+	state.allocator = wlr_allocator_autocreate(backend, state.renderer);
+	if (state.allocator == NULL) {
+		wlr_log(WLR_ERROR, "Failed to create allocator");
+		wlr_backend_destroy(backend);
+		return 1;
+	}
+
+	wl_signal_add(&backend->events.new_output, &state.new_output);
+	state.new_output.notify = new_output_notify;
+	wl_signal_add(&backend->events.new_input, &state.new_input);
+	state.new_input.notify = new_input_notify;
+
+	if (!wlr_backend_start(backend)) {
+		wlr_log(WLR_ERROR, "Failed to start backend");
+		wlr_backend_destroy(backend);
+		return 1;
+	}
+
+	wl_display_run(display);
+	wl_display_destroy(display);
+	return 0;
+}
diff --git a/examples/render-pass-ext/triangle_pass.c b/examples/render-pass-ext/triangle_pass.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..404e3e00e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/render-pass-ext/triangle_pass.c
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <wlr/config.h>
+#include <wlr/render/pixman.h>
+#include <wlr/render/pass.h>
+#if WLR_HAS_GLES2_RENDERER
+#include <wlr/render/gles2.h>
+#endif
+#if WLR_HAS_VULKAN_RENDERER
+#include <wlr/render/vulkan.h>
+#endif
+#include <wlr/render/interface.h>
+#include <wlr/util/log.h>
+
+#include "triangle_pass.h"
+#include "pixman/triangle_pass.h"
+#if WLR_HAS_GLES2_RENDERER
+#include "gles2/triangle_pass.h"
+#endif
+
+void render_triangle_pass_init(struct render_triangle_pass *pass,
+		const struct render_triangle_pass_impl *impl) {
+	assert(impl->render);
+	*pass = (struct render_triangle_pass){
+		.impl = impl,
+	};
+
+	wl_signal_init(&pass->events.destroy);
+}
+
+void render_triangle_pass_destroy(struct render_triangle_pass *pass) {
+	if (pass == NULL) {
+		return;
+	}
+
+	pass->impl->destroy(pass);
+}
+
+struct render_triangle_pass *get_or_create_render_triangle_pass(
+		struct wlr_renderer *renderer) {
+	if (renderer == NULL) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	if (renderer->data == NULL) {
+		struct render_triangle_pass *pass = NULL;
+		if (wlr_renderer_is_pixman(renderer)) {
+			pass = pixman_render_triangle_pass_create(renderer);
+		}
+
+#if WLR_HAS_GLES2_RENDERER
+		else if (wlr_renderer_is_gles2(renderer)) {
+			pass = gles2_render_triangle_pass_create(renderer);
+		}
+#endif
+
+// #if WLR_HAS_VULKAN_RENDERER
+// 		else if (wlr_renderer_is_vk(renderer)) {
+// 			pass = wlr_vk_render_triangle_pass_create(renderer);
+// 		}
+// #endif
+
+		renderer->data = pass;
+		return pass;
+	} else {
+		return renderer->data;
+	}
+}
+
+void render_triangle_pass_add(struct wlr_render_pass *render_pass,
+	const struct custom_render_triangle_options *options) {
+	struct wlr_renderer *renderer =
+		wlr_get_wlr_renderer_from_render_pass(render_pass);
+
+	struct render_triangle_pass *pass = renderer->data;
+	if (pass == NULL) {
+		wlr_log(WLR_ERROR, "No triangle pass is available for this renderer");
+		return;
+	}
+	return pass->impl->render(render_pass, options);
+}
+
+void custom_render_triangle_options_get_box(const struct custom_render_triangle_options *options,
+		const struct wlr_buffer *buffer, struct wlr_box *box) {
+	if (wlr_box_empty(&options->box)) {
+		*box = (struct wlr_box){
+			.width = buffer->width,
+			.height = buffer->height,
+		};
+
+		return;
+	}
+
+	*box = options->box;
+}
+
diff --git a/examples/render-pass-ext/triangle_pass.h b/examples/render-pass-ext/triangle_pass.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f3ecfb040
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/render-pass-ext/triangle_pass.h
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+#ifndef RENDER_PASS_EXT_H
+#define RENDER_PASS_EXT_H
+
+#include <stddef.h>
+
+#include <wlr/render/pass.h>
+#include <wlr/render/wlr_renderer.h>
+
+#include <wayland-server-core.h>
+
+struct custom_render_triangle_options {
+	struct wlr_box box;
+};
+
+struct render_triangle_pass;
+
+struct render_triangle_pass_impl {
+	void (*destroy)(struct render_triangle_pass *pass);
+	void (*render)(struct wlr_render_pass *render_pass,
+		const struct custom_render_triangle_options *options);
+};
+
+struct render_triangle_pass {
+	const struct render_triangle_pass_impl *impl;
+	struct {
+		struct wl_signal destroy;
+	} events;
+};
+
+void render_triangle_pass_init(struct render_triangle_pass *pass,
+	const struct render_triangle_pass_impl *impl);
+void render_triangle_pass_destroy(struct render_triangle_pass *pass);
+
+struct render_triangle_pass *get_or_create_render_triangle_pass(
+	struct wlr_renderer *renderer);
+void render_triangle_pass_add(struct wlr_render_pass *render_pass,
+	const struct custom_render_triangle_options *options);
+void custom_render_triangle_options_get_box(const struct custom_render_triangle_options *options,
+	const struct wlr_buffer *buffer, struct wlr_box *box);
+
+#endif // RENDER_PASS_EXT_H
diff --git a/include/meson.build b/include/meson.build
index 165166c33..2881b97c1 100644
--- a/include/meson.build
+++ b/include/meson.build
@@ -29,6 +29,29 @@ install_subdir('wlr',
 	exclude_files: exclude_files,
 )
 
+internal_render_headers = [
+	'render/pixman.h',
+	'render/pixel_format.h',
+]
+if features.get('gles2-renderer')
+	internal_render_headers += [
+		'render/egl.h',
+		'render/gles2.h',
+	]
+endif
+if features.get('vulkan-renderer')
+	internal_render_headers += 'render/vulkan.h'
+endif
+
+install_headers(internal_render_headers,
+	subdir: versioned_name,
+	preserve_path: true,
+)
+
+install_headers('util/rect_union.h',
+	subdir: versioned_name / 'util',
+)
+
 foreach name, have : internal_features
 	internal_config.set10('HAVE_' + name.underscorify().to_upper(), have)
 endforeach
diff --git a/include/render/gles2.h b/include/render/gles2.h
index 6b852dcb7..a2479e82e 100644
--- a/include/render/gles2.h
+++ b/include/render/gles2.h
@@ -73,18 +73,6 @@ struct wlr_gles2_renderer {
 		PFNGLGETINTEGER64VEXTPROC glGetInteger64vEXT;
 	} procs;
 
-	struct {
-		struct {
-			GLuint program;
-			GLint proj;
-			GLint color;
-			GLint pos_attrib;
-		} quad;
-		struct wlr_gles2_tex_shader tex_rgba;
-		struct wlr_gles2_tex_shader tex_rgbx;
-		struct wlr_gles2_tex_shader tex_ext;
-	} shaders;
-
 	struct wl_list buffers; // wlr_gles2_buffer.link
 	struct wl_list textures; // wlr_gles2_texture.link
 };
@@ -151,7 +139,7 @@ void get_gles2_shm_formats(const struct wlr_gles2_renderer *renderer,
 
 GLuint gles2_buffer_get_fbo(struct wlr_gles2_buffer *buffer);
 
-struct wlr_gles2_renderer *gles2_get_renderer(
+struct wlr_gles2_renderer *wlr_gles2_renderer_from_renderer(
 	struct wlr_renderer *wlr_renderer);
 struct wlr_gles2_render_timer *gles2_get_render_timer(
 	struct wlr_render_timer *timer);
@@ -164,13 +152,57 @@ struct wlr_texture *gles2_texture_from_buffer(struct wlr_renderer *wlr_renderer,
 	struct wlr_buffer *buffer);
 void gles2_texture_destroy(struct wlr_gles2_texture *texture);
 
-void push_gles2_debug_(struct wlr_gles2_renderer *renderer,
+void wlr_gles2_push_debug_(struct wlr_gles2_renderer *renderer,
 	const char *file, const char *func);
-#define push_gles2_debug(renderer) push_gles2_debug_(renderer, _WLR_FILENAME, __func__)
-void pop_gles2_debug(struct wlr_gles2_renderer *renderer);
+#define wlr_gles2_push_debug(renderer) wlr_gles2_push_debug_(renderer, _WLR_FILENAME, __func__)
+void wlr_gles2_pop_debug(struct wlr_gles2_renderer *renderer);
 
 struct wlr_gles2_render_pass *begin_gles2_buffer_pass(struct wlr_gles2_buffer *buffer,
 	struct wlr_egl_context *prev_ctx, struct wlr_gles2_render_timer *timer,
 	struct wlr_drm_syncobj_timeline *signal_timeline, uint64_t signal_point);
 
+struct wlr_gles2_render_rect_pass {
+	struct wlr_render_rect_pass base;
+	struct wlr_gles2_renderer *renderer;
+	struct {
+		GLuint program;
+		GLint proj;
+		GLint color;
+		GLint pos_attrib;
+	} shader;
+};
+
+bool wlr_render_rect_pass_is_gles2(const struct wlr_render_rect_pass *rect_pass);
+struct wlr_gles2_render_rect_pass *wlr_gles2_render_rect_pass_from_pass(
+	struct wlr_render_rect_pass *rect_pass);
+
+struct wlr_gles2_render_texture_pass {
+	struct wlr_render_texture_pass base;
+	struct wlr_gles2_renderer *renderer;
+	struct {
+		struct wlr_gles2_tex_shader tex_rgba;
+		struct wlr_gles2_tex_shader tex_rgbx;
+		struct wlr_gles2_tex_shader tex_ext;
+	} shaders;
+};
+
+bool wlr_render_texture_pass_is_gles2(const struct wlr_render_texture_pass *texture_pass);
+struct wlr_gles2_render_texture_pass *wlr_gles2_render_texture_pass_from_pass(
+	struct wlr_render_texture_pass *texture_pass);
+
+struct wlr_gles2_render_submit_pass {
+	struct wlr_render_submit_pass base;
+};
+
+bool wlr_render_submit_pass_is_gles2(const struct wlr_render_submit_pass *submit_pass);
+struct wlr_gles2_render_submit_pass *wlr_gles2_render_submit_pass_from_pass(
+	struct wlr_render_submit_pass *submit_pass);
+
+GLuint wlr_gles2_link_program(struct wlr_gles2_renderer *renderer,
+	const GLchar *vert_src, const GLchar *frag_src);
+
+struct wlr_gles2_render_pass *wlr_gles2_render_pass_from_render_pass(
+	struct wlr_render_pass *wlr_pass);
+void wlr_gles_set_proj_matrix(GLint loc, float proj[9], const struct wlr_box *box);
+
 #endif
diff --git a/include/render/pixman.h b/include/render/pixman.h
index 098421447..7e60b5f4a 100644
--- a/include/render/pixman.h
+++ b/include/render/pixman.h
@@ -61,4 +61,30 @@ bool begin_pixman_data_ptr_access(struct wlr_buffer *buffer, pixman_image_t **im
 struct wlr_pixman_render_pass *begin_pixman_render_pass(
 	struct wlr_pixman_buffer *buffer);
 
+struct wlr_pixman_render_rect_pass {
+	struct wlr_render_rect_pass base;
+};
+
+bool wlr_render_rect_pass_is_pixman(const struct wlr_render_rect_pass *rect_pass);
+struct wlr_pixman_render_rect_pass *wlr_pixman_render_rect_pass_from_pass(
+	struct wlr_render_rect_pass *rect_pass);
+
+struct wlr_pixman_render_texture_pass {
+	struct wlr_render_texture_pass base;
+};
+
+bool wlr_render_texture_pass_is_pixman(const struct wlr_render_texture_pass *texture_pass);
+struct wlr_pixman_render_texture_pass *wlr_pixman_render_texture_pass_from_pass(
+	struct wlr_render_texture_pass *texture_pass);
+
+struct wlr_pixman_render_submit_pass {
+	struct wlr_render_submit_pass base;
+};
+
+bool wlr_render_submit_pass_is_pixman(const struct wlr_render_submit_pass *submit_pass);
+struct wlr_pixman_render_submit_pass *wlr_pixman_render_submit_pass_from_pass(
+	struct wlr_render_submit_pass *submit_pass);
+struct wlr_pixman_render_pass *wlr_pixman_render_pass_from_render_pass(
+	struct wlr_render_pass *wlr_pass);
+
 #endif
diff --git a/include/render/vulkan.h b/include/render/vulkan.h
index 021749c27..f173fa45a 100644
--- a/include/render/vulkan.h
+++ b/include/render/vulkan.h
@@ -305,31 +305,8 @@ struct wlr_vk_renderer {
 
 	VkCommandPool command_pool;
 
-	VkShaderModule vert_module;
-	VkShaderModule tex_frag_module;
-	VkShaderModule quad_frag_module;
-	VkShaderModule output_module;
-
 	struct wl_list pipeline_layouts; // struct wlr_vk_pipeline_layout.link
 
-	// for blend->output subpass
-	VkPipelineLayout output_pipe_layout;
-	VkDescriptorSetLayout output_ds_srgb_layout;
-	VkDescriptorSetLayout output_ds_lut3d_layout;
-	VkSampler output_sampler_lut3d;
-	// descriptor set indicating dummy 1x1x1 image, for use in the lut3d slot
-	VkDescriptorSet output_ds_lut3d_dummy;
-	struct wlr_vk_descriptor_pool *output_ds_lut3d_dummy_pool;
-
-	size_t last_output_pool_size;
-	struct wl_list output_descriptor_pools; // wlr_vk_descriptor_pool.link
-
-	// dummy sampler to bind when output shader is not using a lookup table
-	VkImage dummy3d_image;
-	VkDeviceMemory dummy3d_mem;
-	VkImageView dummy3d_image_view;
-	bool dummy3d_image_transitioned;
-
 	VkSemaphore timeline_semaphore;
 	uint64_t timeline_point;
 
@@ -395,7 +372,8 @@ struct wlr_vk_texture_view {
 
 struct wlr_vk_pipeline *setup_get_or_create_pipeline(
 	struct wlr_vk_render_format_setup *setup,
-	const struct wlr_vk_pipeline_key *key);
+	const struct wlr_vk_pipeline_key *key,
+	VkShaderModule vert_module, VkShaderModule frag_module);
 struct wlr_vk_pipeline_layout *get_or_create_pipeline_layout(
 	struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer,
 	const struct wlr_vk_pipeline_layout_key *key);
@@ -479,6 +457,7 @@ void vulkan_free_ds(struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer,
 struct wlr_vk_format_props *vulkan_format_props_from_drm(
 	struct wlr_vk_device *dev, uint32_t drm_format);
 struct wlr_vk_renderer *vulkan_get_renderer(struct wlr_renderer *r);
+VkShaderModule vulkan_create_common_vert_module(struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer);
 
 struct wlr_vk_command_buffer *vulkan_acquire_command_buffer(
 	struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer);
@@ -606,4 +585,64 @@ void vulkan_change_layout(VkCommandBuffer cb, VkImage img,
 
 #endif
 
+struct wlr_vk_render_rect_pass {
+	struct wlr_render_rect_pass base;
+	struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer;
+	struct {
+		VkShaderModule vert_module;
+		VkShaderModule frag_module;
+	} shader;
+};
+
+bool wlr_render_rect_pass_is_vk(const struct wlr_render_rect_pass *rect_pass);
+struct wlr_vk_render_rect_pass *wlr_vk_render_rect_pass_from_pass(
+	struct wlr_render_rect_pass *rect_pass);
+
+struct wlr_vk_render_texture_pass {
+	struct wlr_render_texture_pass base;
+	struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer;
+	struct {
+		VkShaderModule vert_module;
+		VkShaderModule frag_module;
+	} shader;
+};
+
+bool wlr_render_texture_pass_is_vk(const struct wlr_render_texture_pass *texture_pass);
+struct wlr_vk_render_texture_pass *wlr_vk_render_texture_pass_from_pass(
+	const struct wlr_render_texture_pass *texture_pass);
+
+struct wlr_vk_render_submit_pass {
+	struct wlr_render_submit_pass base;
+	struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer;
+
+	struct {
+		VkShaderModule vert_module;
+		VkShaderModule frag_module;
+
+		VkPipelineLayout pipe_layout;
+		VkDescriptorSetLayout ds_srgb_layout;
+		VkDescriptorSetLayout ds_lut3d_layout;
+		VkSampler sampler_lut3d;
+		// descriptor set indicating dummy 1x1x1 image, for use in the lut3d slot
+		VkDescriptorSet ds_lut3d_dummy;
+		struct wlr_vk_descriptor_pool *ds_lut3d_dummy_pool;
+
+		size_t last_pool_size;
+		struct wl_list descriptor_pools; // wlr_vk_descriptor_pool.link
+
+		// dummy sampler to bind when output shader is not using a lookup table
+		VkImage dummy3d_image;
+		VkDeviceMemory dummy3d_mem;
+		VkImageView dummy3d_image_view;
+		bool dummy3d_image_transitioned;
+	} output;
+};
+
+bool wlr_render_submit_pass_is_vk(const struct wlr_render_submit_pass *submit_pass);
+struct wlr_vk_render_submit_pass *wlr_vk_render_submit_pass_from_pass(
+	struct wlr_render_submit_pass *submit_pass);
+
+bool vulkan_init_submit_pass_output(struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer,
+	struct wlr_vk_render_submit_pass *submit_pass);
+
 #endif // RENDER_VULKAN_H
diff --git a/include/wlr/render/interface.h b/include/wlr/render/interface.h
index 89f6de970..89ce62171 100644
--- a/include/wlr/render/interface.h
+++ b/include/wlr/render/interface.h
@@ -48,21 +48,22 @@ struct wlr_texture_impl {
 void wlr_texture_init(struct wlr_texture *texture, struct wlr_renderer *rendener,
 	const struct wlr_texture_impl *impl, uint32_t width, uint32_t height);
 
+struct wlr_render_pass;
+
+struct wlr_render_pass_impl {
+	void (*destroy)(struct wlr_render_pass *pass);
+	struct wlr_renderer *(*get_renderer)(struct wlr_render_pass *pass);
+};
+
 struct wlr_render_pass {
 	const struct wlr_render_pass_impl *impl;
 };
 
 void wlr_render_pass_init(struct wlr_render_pass *pass,
 	const struct wlr_render_pass_impl *impl);
-
-struct wlr_render_pass_impl {
-	bool (*submit)(struct wlr_render_pass *pass);
-	void (*add_texture)(struct wlr_render_pass *pass,
-		const struct wlr_render_texture_options *options);
-	/* Implementers are also guaranteed that options->box is nonempty */
-	void (*add_rect)(struct wlr_render_pass *pass,
-		const struct wlr_render_rect_options *options);
-};
+void wlr_render_pass_destroy(struct wlr_render_pass *pass);
+struct wlr_renderer *wlr_get_wlr_renderer_from_render_pass(
+	struct wlr_render_pass *wlr_pass);
 
 struct wlr_render_timer {
 	const struct wlr_render_timer_impl *impl;
@@ -87,4 +88,84 @@ void wlr_texture_read_pixels_options_get_src_box(
 void *wlr_texture_read_pixel_options_get_data(
 	const struct wlr_texture_read_pixels_options *options);
 
+struct wlr_render_rect_pass;
+
+struct wlr_render_rect_pass_impl {
+	void (*destroy)(struct wlr_render_rect_pass *pass);
+	void (*render)(struct wlr_render_pass *pass,
+		const struct wlr_render_rect_options *options);
+};
+
+struct wlr_render_rect_pass {
+	const struct wlr_render_rect_pass_impl *impl;
+	struct {
+		struct wl_signal destroy;
+	} events;
+};
+
+void wlr_render_rect_pass_init(struct wlr_render_rect_pass *pass,
+	const struct wlr_render_rect_pass_impl *impl);
+void wlr_render_rect_pass_destroy(struct wlr_render_rect_pass *pass);
+
+struct wlr_render_rect_pass *get_or_create_render_rect_pass(
+	struct wlr_renderer *renderer);
+struct wlr_render_rect_pass *wlr_pixman_render_rect_pass_create(void);
+struct wlr_render_rect_pass *wlr_gles2_render_rect_pass_create(
+	struct wlr_renderer *wlr_renderer);
+struct wlr_render_rect_pass *wlr_vk_render_rect_pass_create(
+	struct wlr_renderer *wlr_renderer);
+
+struct wlr_render_texture_pass;
+
+struct wlr_render_texture_pass_impl {
+	void (*destroy)(struct wlr_render_texture_pass *pass);
+	void (*render)(struct wlr_render_pass *pass,
+		const struct wlr_render_texture_options *options);
+};
+
+struct wlr_render_texture_pass {
+	const struct wlr_render_texture_pass_impl *impl;
+	struct {
+		struct wl_signal destroy;
+	} events;
+};
+
+void wlr_render_texture_pass_init(struct wlr_render_texture_pass *pass,
+	const struct wlr_render_texture_pass_impl *impl);
+void wlr_render_texture_pass_destroy(struct wlr_render_texture_pass *pass);
+
+struct wlr_render_texture_pass *get_or_create_render_texture_pass(
+	struct wlr_renderer *renderer);
+struct wlr_render_texture_pass *wlr_pixman_render_texture_pass_create(void);
+struct wlr_render_texture_pass *wlr_gles2_render_texture_pass_create(
+	struct wlr_renderer *wlr_renderer);
+struct wlr_render_texture_pass *wlr_vk_render_texture_pass_create(
+	struct wlr_renderer *wlr_renderer);
+
+struct wlr_render_submit_pass;
+
+struct wlr_render_submit_pass_impl {
+	void (*destroy)(struct wlr_render_submit_pass *pass);
+	bool (*render)(struct wlr_render_pass *pass);
+};
+
+struct wlr_render_submit_pass {
+	const struct wlr_render_submit_pass_impl *impl;
+	struct {
+		struct wl_signal destroy;
+	} events;
+};
+
+void wlr_render_submit_pass_init(struct wlr_render_submit_pass *pass,
+	const struct wlr_render_submit_pass_impl *impl);
+void wlr_render_submit_pass_destroy(struct wlr_render_submit_pass *pass);
+struct wlr_render_submit_pass *get_or_create_render_submit_pass(
+	struct wlr_renderer *renderer);
+struct wlr_render_submit_pass *wlr_pixman_render_submit_pass_create(void);
+struct wlr_render_submit_pass *wlr_gles2_render_submit_pass_create(void);
+struct wlr_render_submit_pass *wlr_vk_render_submit_pass_create(
+	struct wlr_renderer *wlr_renderer);
+struct wlr_vk_render_pass *wlr_vk_render_pass_from_render_pass(
+	struct wlr_render_pass *wlr_pass);
+
 #endif
diff --git a/include/wlr/render/wlr_renderer.h b/include/wlr/render/wlr_renderer.h
index 902d7564d..259bfc5a9 100644
--- a/include/wlr/render/wlr_renderer.h
+++ b/include/wlr/render/wlr_renderer.h
@@ -26,6 +26,11 @@ struct wlr_fbox;
  * A renderer for basic 2D operations.
  */
 struct wlr_renderer {
+	struct wlr_render_rect_pass *rect_pass;
+	struct wlr_render_texture_pass *texture_pass;
+	struct wlr_render_submit_pass *submit_pass;
+	void *data;
+
 	// Capabilities required for the buffer used as a render target (bitmask of
 	// enum wlr_buffer_cap)
 	uint32_t render_buffer_caps;
diff --git a/include/wlr/types/wlr_output.h b/include/wlr/types/wlr_output.h
index c8e44b0e6..d8a8e9965 100644
--- a/include/wlr/types/wlr_output.h
+++ b/include/wlr/types/wlr_output.h
@@ -250,6 +250,8 @@ struct wlr_output {
 		struct wl_signal description;
 		struct wl_signal request_state; // struct wlr_output_event_request_state
 		struct wl_signal destroy;
+		// Emitted when the output's rendering subsystem is initialized or reinitialized
+		struct wl_signal render_inited;
 	} events;
 
 	struct wl_event_source *idle_frame;
diff --git a/render/gles2/pass.c b/render/gles2/pass.c
index a70ea1320..b832ad11f 100644
--- a/render/gles2/pass.c
+++ b/render/gles2/pass.c
@@ -9,23 +9,30 @@
 #include "render/gles2.h"
 #include "util/matrix.h"
 
+#include "common_vert_src.h"
+#include "quad_frag_src.h"
+#include "tex_rgba_frag_src.h"
+#include "tex_rgbx_frag_src.h"
+#include "tex_external_frag_src.h"
+
 #define MAX_QUADS 86 // 4kb
 
 static const struct wlr_render_pass_impl render_pass_impl;
 
-static struct wlr_gles2_render_pass *get_render_pass(struct wlr_render_pass *wlr_pass) {
+struct wlr_gles2_render_pass *wlr_gles2_render_pass_from_render_pass(
+		struct wlr_render_pass *wlr_pass) {
 	assert(wlr_pass->impl == &render_pass_impl);
 	struct wlr_gles2_render_pass *pass = wl_container_of(wlr_pass, pass, base);
 	return pass;
 }
 
 static bool render_pass_submit(struct wlr_render_pass *wlr_pass) {
-	struct wlr_gles2_render_pass *pass = get_render_pass(wlr_pass);
+	struct wlr_gles2_render_pass *pass = wlr_gles2_render_pass_from_render_pass(wlr_pass);
 	struct wlr_gles2_renderer *renderer = pass->buffer->renderer;
 	struct wlr_gles2_render_timer *timer = pass->timer;
 	bool ok = false;
 
-	push_gles2_debug(renderer);
+	 wlr_gles2_push_debug(renderer);
 
 	if (timer) {
 		// clear disjoint flag
@@ -65,7 +72,7 @@ static bool render_pass_submit(struct wlr_render_pass *wlr_pass) {
 out:
 	glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, 0);
 
-	pop_gles2_debug(renderer);
+	wlr_gles2_pop_debug(renderer);
 	wlr_egl_restore_context(&pass->prev_ctx);
 
 	wlr_drm_syncobj_timeline_unref(pass->signal_timeline);
@@ -124,7 +131,7 @@ static void render(const struct wlr_box *box, const pixman_region32_t *clip, GLi
 	pixman_region32_fini(&region);
 }
 
-static void set_proj_matrix(GLint loc, float proj[9], const struct wlr_box *box) {
+void wlr_gles_set_proj_matrix(GLint loc, float proj[9], const struct wlr_box *box) {
 	float gl_matrix[9];
 	wlr_matrix_identity(gl_matrix);
 	wlr_matrix_translate(gl_matrix, box->x, box->y);
@@ -166,25 +173,26 @@ static void setup_blending(enum wlr_render_blend_mode mode) {
 
 static void render_pass_add_texture(struct wlr_render_pass *wlr_pass,
 		const struct wlr_render_texture_options *options) {
-	struct wlr_gles2_render_pass *pass = get_render_pass(wlr_pass);
+	struct wlr_gles2_render_pass *pass = wlr_gles2_render_pass_from_render_pass(wlr_pass);
 	struct wlr_gles2_renderer *renderer = pass->buffer->renderer;
 	struct wlr_gles2_texture *texture = gles2_get_texture(options->texture);
-
+	struct wlr_gles2_render_texture_pass *texture_pass =
+		wlr_gles2_render_texture_pass_from_pass(renderer->wlr_renderer.texture_pass);
 	struct wlr_gles2_tex_shader *shader = NULL;
 
 	switch (texture->target) {
 	case GL_TEXTURE_2D:
 		if (texture->has_alpha) {
-			shader = &renderer->shaders.tex_rgba;
+			shader = &texture_pass->shaders.tex_rgba;
 		} else {
-			shader = &renderer->shaders.tex_rgbx;
+			shader = &texture_pass->shaders.tex_rgbx;
 		}
 		break;
 	case GL_TEXTURE_EXTERNAL_OES:
 		// EGL_EXT_image_dma_buf_import_modifiers requires
 		// GL_OES_EGL_image_external
 		assert(renderer->exts.OES_egl_image_external);
-		shader = &renderer->shaders.tex_ext;
+		shader = &texture_pass->shaders.tex_ext;
 		break;
 	default:
 		abort();
@@ -201,7 +209,7 @@ static void render_pass_add_texture(struct wlr_render_pass *wlr_pass,
 	src_fbox.width /= options->texture->width;
 	src_fbox.height /= options->texture->height;
 
-	push_gles2_debug(renderer);
+	 wlr_gles2_push_debug(renderer);
 
 	if (options->wait_timeline != NULL) {
 		int sync_file_fd =
@@ -244,26 +252,28 @@ static void render_pass_add_texture(struct wlr_render_pass *wlr_pass,
 
 	glUniform1i(shader->tex, 0);
 	glUniform1f(shader->alpha, alpha);
-	set_proj_matrix(shader->proj, pass->projection_matrix, &dst_box);
+	wlr_gles_set_proj_matrix(shader->proj, pass->projection_matrix, &dst_box);
 	set_tex_matrix(shader->tex_proj, options->transform, &src_fbox);
 
 	render(&dst_box, options->clip, shader->pos_attrib);
 
 	glBindTexture(texture->target, 0);
-	pop_gles2_debug(renderer);
+	wlr_gles2_pop_debug(renderer);
 }
 
 static void render_pass_add_rect(struct wlr_render_pass *wlr_pass,
 		const struct wlr_render_rect_options *options) {
-	struct wlr_gles2_render_pass *pass = get_render_pass(wlr_pass);
+	struct wlr_gles2_render_pass *pass = wlr_gles2_render_pass_from_render_pass(wlr_pass);
 	struct wlr_gles2_renderer *renderer = pass->buffer->renderer;
+	struct wlr_gles2_render_rect_pass *rect_pass =
+		wlr_gles2_render_rect_pass_from_pass(renderer->wlr_renderer.rect_pass);
 
 	const struct wlr_render_color *color = &options->color;
 	struct wlr_box box;
 	struct wlr_buffer *wlr_buffer = pass->buffer->buffer;
 	wlr_render_rect_options_get_box(options, wlr_buffer, &box);
 
-	push_gles2_debug(renderer);
+	 wlr_gles2_push_debug(renderer);
 	enum wlr_render_blend_mode blend_mode =
 		color->a == 1.0 ? WLR_RENDER_BLEND_MODE_NONE : options->blend_mode;
 	if (blend_mode == WLR_RENDER_BLEND_MODE_NONE &&
@@ -275,19 +285,29 @@ static void render_pass_add_rect(struct wlr_render_pass *wlr_pass,
 		glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
 	} else {
 		setup_blending(blend_mode);
-		glUseProgram(renderer->shaders.quad.program);
-		set_proj_matrix(renderer->shaders.quad.proj, pass->projection_matrix, &box);
-		glUniform4f(renderer->shaders.quad.color, color->r, color->g, color->b, color->a);
-		render(&box, options->clip, renderer->shaders.quad.pos_attrib);
+		glUseProgram(rect_pass->shader.program);
+		wlr_gles_set_proj_matrix(rect_pass->shader.proj, pass->projection_matrix, &box);
+		glUniform4f(rect_pass->shader.color, color->r, color->g, color->b, color->a);
+		render(&box, options->clip, rect_pass->shader.pos_attrib);
 	}
 
-	pop_gles2_debug(renderer);
+	wlr_gles2_pop_debug(renderer);
+}
+
+static void render_pass_destory(struct wlr_render_pass *wlr_pass) {
+	(void)wlr_pass;
+}
+
+static struct wlr_renderer *render_pass_get_renderer(struct wlr_render_pass *wlr_pass) {
+	struct wlr_gles2_render_pass *pass = wlr_gles2_render_pass_from_render_pass(wlr_pass);
+	struct wlr_gles2_renderer *renderer = pass->buffer->renderer;
+
+	return &renderer->wlr_renderer;
 }
 
 static const struct wlr_render_pass_impl render_pass_impl = {
-	.submit = render_pass_submit,
-	.add_texture = render_pass_add_texture,
-	.add_rect = render_pass_add_rect,
+	.destroy = render_pass_destory,
+	.get_renderer = render_pass_get_renderer,
 };
 
 static const char *reset_status_str(GLenum status) {
@@ -341,13 +361,217 @@ struct wlr_gles2_render_pass *begin_gles2_buffer_pass(struct wlr_gles2_buffer *b
 	matrix_projection(pass->projection_matrix, wlr_buffer->width, wlr_buffer->height,
 		WL_OUTPUT_TRANSFORM_FLIPPED_180);
 
-	push_gles2_debug(renderer);
+	 wlr_gles2_push_debug(renderer);
 	glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, fbo);
 
 	glViewport(0, 0, wlr_buffer->width, wlr_buffer->height);
 	glBlendFunc(GL_ONE, GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA);
 	glDisable(GL_SCISSOR_TEST);
-	pop_gles2_debug(renderer);
+	wlr_gles2_pop_debug(renderer);
+
+	return pass;
+}
+
+static void render_rect_pass_destroy(struct wlr_render_rect_pass *pass) {
+	struct wlr_gles2_render_rect_pass *gles2_pass =
+		wlr_gles2_render_rect_pass_from_pass(pass);
+	 wlr_gles2_push_debug(gles2_pass->renderer);
+	glDeleteProgram(gles2_pass->shader.program);
+	wlr_gles2_pop_debug(gles2_pass->renderer);
+	free(gles2_pass);
+}
+
+static const struct wlr_render_rect_pass_impl render_rect_pass_impl = {
+	.destroy = render_rect_pass_destroy,
+	.render = render_pass_add_rect,
+};
+
+struct wlr_render_rect_pass *wlr_gles2_render_rect_pass_create(
+		struct wlr_renderer *wlr_renderer) {
+	struct wlr_gles2_render_rect_pass *pass = calloc(1, sizeof(*pass));
+	if (pass == NULL) {
+		wlr_log_errno(WLR_ERROR, "failed to allocate wlr_gles2_render_rect_pass");
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	struct wlr_gles2_renderer *renderer =  wlr_gles2_renderer_from_renderer(wlr_renderer);
+	if (!wlr_egl_make_current(renderer->egl, NULL)) {
+		free(pass);
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	wlr_render_rect_pass_init(&pass->base, &render_rect_pass_impl);
+	 wlr_gles2_push_debug(renderer);
+	GLuint prog;
+	pass->shader.program = prog =
+		wlr_gles2_link_program(renderer, common_vert_src, quad_frag_src);
+	if (!pass->shader.program) {
+		goto error;
+	}
+
+	pass->shader.proj = glGetUniformLocation(pass->shader.program, "proj");
+	pass->shader.color = glGetUniformLocation(pass->shader.program, "color");
+	pass->shader.pos_attrib = glGetAttribLocation(pass->shader.program, "pos");
+	wlr_gles2_pop_debug(renderer);
+	wlr_egl_unset_current(renderer->egl);
+	pass->renderer = renderer;
+	return &pass->base;
+
+error:
+	render_rect_pass_destroy(&pass->base);
+	wlr_gles2_pop_debug(renderer);
+	wlr_egl_unset_current(renderer->egl);
+
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+bool wlr_render_rect_pass_is_gles2(const struct wlr_render_rect_pass *rect_pass) {
+	return rect_pass != NULL && rect_pass->impl == &render_rect_pass_impl;
+}
+
+struct wlr_gles2_render_rect_pass *wlr_gles2_render_rect_pass_from_pass(
+		struct wlr_render_rect_pass *rect_pass) {
+	if (!wlr_render_rect_pass_is_gles2(rect_pass)) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	struct wlr_gles2_render_rect_pass *pass =
+		wl_container_of(rect_pass, pass, base);
+
+	return pass;
+}
+
+static void render_texture_pass_destroy(struct wlr_render_texture_pass *pass) {
+	struct wlr_gles2_render_texture_pass *gles2_pass =
+		wlr_gles2_render_texture_pass_from_pass(pass);
+	 wlr_gles2_push_debug(gles2_pass->renderer);
+	glDeleteProgram(gles2_pass->shaders.tex_rgba.program);
+	glDeleteProgram(gles2_pass->shaders.tex_rgbx.program);
+	glDeleteProgram(gles2_pass->shaders.tex_ext.program);
+	wlr_gles2_pop_debug(gles2_pass->renderer);
+	free(gles2_pass);
+}
+
+static const struct wlr_render_texture_pass_impl render_texture_pass_impl = {
+	.destroy = render_texture_pass_destroy,
+	.render = render_pass_add_texture,
+};
+
+struct wlr_render_texture_pass *wlr_gles2_render_texture_pass_create(
+		struct wlr_renderer *wlr_renderer) {
+	struct wlr_gles2_render_texture_pass *pass = calloc(1, sizeof(*pass));
+	if (pass == NULL) {
+		wlr_log_errno(WLR_ERROR, "failed to allocate wlr_gles2_render_texture_pass");
+		return NULL;
+	}
+	wlr_render_texture_pass_init(&pass->base, &render_texture_pass_impl);
+	struct wlr_gles2_renderer *renderer =  wlr_gles2_renderer_from_renderer(wlr_renderer);
+	if (!wlr_egl_make_current(renderer->egl, NULL)) {
+		free(pass);
+		return NULL;
+	}
+	 wlr_gles2_push_debug(renderer);
+	GLuint prog;
+	pass->shaders.tex_rgba.program = prog =
+		wlr_gles2_link_program(renderer, common_vert_src, tex_rgba_frag_src);
+	if (!pass->shaders.tex_rgba.program) {
+		goto error;
+	}
+	pass->shaders.tex_rgba.proj = glGetUniformLocation(prog, "proj");
+	pass->shaders.tex_rgba.tex_proj = glGetUniformLocation(prog, "tex_proj");
+	pass->shaders.tex_rgba.tex = glGetUniformLocation(prog, "tex");
+	pass->shaders.tex_rgba.alpha = glGetUniformLocation(prog, "alpha");
+	pass->shaders.tex_rgba.pos_attrib = glGetAttribLocation(prog, "pos");
+
+	pass->shaders.tex_rgbx.program = prog =
+		wlr_gles2_link_program(renderer, common_vert_src, tex_rgbx_frag_src);
+	if (!pass->shaders.tex_rgbx.program) {
+		goto error;
+	}
+	pass->shaders.tex_rgbx.proj = glGetUniformLocation(prog, "proj");
+	pass->shaders.tex_rgbx.tex_proj = glGetUniformLocation(prog, "tex_proj");
+	pass->shaders.tex_rgbx.tex = glGetUniformLocation(prog, "tex");
+	pass->shaders.tex_rgbx.alpha = glGetUniformLocation(prog, "alpha");
+	pass->shaders.tex_rgbx.pos_attrib = glGetAttribLocation(prog, "pos");
+
+	if (renderer->exts.OES_egl_image_external) {
+		pass->shaders.tex_ext.program = prog =
+			wlr_gles2_link_program(renderer, common_vert_src, tex_external_frag_src);
+		if (!pass->shaders.tex_ext.program) {
+			goto error;
+		}
+		pass->shaders.tex_ext.proj = glGetUniformLocation(prog, "proj");
+		pass->shaders.tex_ext.tex_proj = glGetUniformLocation(prog, "tex_proj");
+		pass->shaders.tex_ext.tex = glGetUniformLocation(prog, "tex");
+		pass->shaders.tex_ext.alpha = glGetUniformLocation(prog, "alpha");
+		pass->shaders.tex_ext.pos_attrib = glGetAttribLocation(prog, "pos");
+	}
+
+	wlr_gles2_pop_debug(renderer);
+
+	wlr_egl_unset_current(renderer->egl);
+	pass->renderer = renderer;
+	return &pass->base;
+
+error:
+	render_texture_pass_destroy(&pass->base);
+	wlr_gles2_pop_debug(renderer);
+	wlr_egl_unset_current(renderer->egl);
+
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+bool wlr_render_texture_pass_is_gles2(const struct wlr_render_texture_pass *texture_pass) {
+	return texture_pass != NULL && texture_pass->impl == &render_texture_pass_impl;
+}
+
+struct wlr_gles2_render_texture_pass *wlr_gles2_render_texture_pass_from_pass(
+		struct wlr_render_texture_pass *texture_pass) {
+	if (!wlr_render_texture_pass_is_gles2(texture_pass)) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	struct wlr_gles2_render_texture_pass *pass =
+		wl_container_of(texture_pass, pass, base);
+
+	return pass;
+}
+
+static void render_submit_pass_destroy(struct wlr_render_submit_pass *pass) {
+	struct wlr_gles2_render_submit_pass *gles2_pass =
+		wlr_gles2_render_submit_pass_from_pass(pass);
+	free(gles2_pass);
+}
+
+static const struct wlr_render_submit_pass_impl gles2_render_submit_pass_impl = {
+	.destroy = render_submit_pass_destroy,
+	.render = render_pass_submit,
+};
+
+struct wlr_render_submit_pass *wlr_gles2_render_submit_pass_create(void) {
+	struct wlr_gles2_render_submit_pass *pass = calloc(1, sizeof(*pass));
+	if (pass == NULL) {
+		wlr_log_errno(WLR_ERROR, "failed to allocate wlr_gles2_render_submit_pass");
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	wlr_render_submit_pass_init(&pass->base, &gles2_render_submit_pass_impl);
+
+	return &pass->base;
+}
+
+bool wlr_render_submit_pass_is_gles2(const struct wlr_render_submit_pass *submit_pass) {
+	return submit_pass->impl == &gles2_render_submit_pass_impl;
+}
+
+struct wlr_gles2_render_submit_pass *wlr_gles2_render_submit_pass_from_pass(
+		struct wlr_render_submit_pass *submit_pass) {
+	if (!wlr_render_submit_pass_is_gles2(submit_pass)) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	struct wlr_gles2_render_submit_pass *pass =
+		wl_container_of(submit_pass, pass, base);
 
 	return pass;
 }
diff --git a/render/gles2/renderer.c b/render/gles2/renderer.c
index 7f01b8acd..9c8a4955c 100644
--- a/render/gles2/renderer.c
+++ b/render/gles2/renderer.c
@@ -20,12 +20,6 @@
 #include "render/pixel_format.h"
 #include "util/time.h"
 
-#include "common_vert_src.h"
-#include "quad_frag_src.h"
-#include "tex_rgba_frag_src.h"
-#include "tex_rgbx_frag_src.h"
-#include "tex_external_frag_src.h"
-
 static const struct wlr_renderer_impl renderer_impl;
 static const struct wlr_render_timer_impl render_timer_impl;
 
@@ -33,7 +27,7 @@ bool wlr_renderer_is_gles2(const struct wlr_renderer *wlr_renderer) {
 	return wlr_renderer->impl == &renderer_impl;
 }
 
-struct wlr_gles2_renderer *gles2_get_renderer(
+struct wlr_gles2_renderer *wlr_gles2_renderer_from_renderer(
 		struct wlr_renderer *wlr_renderer) {
 	assert(wlr_renderer_is_gles2(wlr_renderer));
 	struct wlr_gles2_renderer *renderer = wl_container_of(wlr_renderer, renderer, wlr_renderer);
@@ -57,13 +51,13 @@ static void destroy_buffer(struct wlr_gles2_buffer *buffer) {
 	struct wlr_egl_context prev_ctx;
 	wlr_egl_make_current(buffer->renderer->egl, &prev_ctx);
 
-	push_gles2_debug(buffer->renderer);
+	 wlr_gles2_push_debug(buffer->renderer);
 
 	glDeleteFramebuffers(1, &buffer->fbo);
 	glDeleteRenderbuffers(1, &buffer->rbo);
 	glDeleteTextures(1, &buffer->tex);
 
-	pop_gles2_debug(buffer->renderer);
+	wlr_gles2_pop_debug(buffer->renderer);
 
 	wlr_egl_destroy_image(buffer->renderer->egl, buffer->image);
 
@@ -93,7 +87,7 @@ GLuint gles2_buffer_get_fbo(struct wlr_gles2_buffer *buffer) {
 		return buffer->fbo;
 	}
 
-	push_gles2_debug(buffer->renderer);
+	 wlr_gles2_push_debug(buffer->renderer);
 
 	if (!buffer->rbo) {
 		glGenRenderbuffers(1, &buffer->rbo);
@@ -116,7 +110,7 @@ GLuint gles2_buffer_get_fbo(struct wlr_gles2_buffer *buffer) {
 		buffer->fbo = 0;
 	}
 
-	pop_gles2_debug(buffer->renderer);
+	wlr_gles2_pop_debug(buffer->renderer);
 
 	return buffer->fbo;
 }
@@ -166,7 +160,7 @@ error_buffer:
 
 static const struct wlr_drm_format_set *gles2_get_texture_formats(
 		struct wlr_renderer *wlr_renderer, uint32_t buffer_caps) {
-	struct wlr_gles2_renderer *renderer = gles2_get_renderer(wlr_renderer);
+	struct wlr_gles2_renderer *renderer = wlr_gles2_renderer_from_renderer(wlr_renderer);
 	if (buffer_caps & WLR_BUFFER_CAP_DMABUF) {
 		return wlr_egl_get_dmabuf_texture_formats(renderer->egl);
 	} else if (buffer_caps & WLR_BUFFER_CAP_DATA_PTR) {
@@ -178,13 +172,13 @@ static const struct wlr_drm_format_set *gles2_get_texture_formats(
 
 static const struct wlr_drm_format_set *gles2_get_render_formats(
 		struct wlr_renderer *wlr_renderer) {
-	struct wlr_gles2_renderer *renderer = gles2_get_renderer(wlr_renderer);
+	struct wlr_gles2_renderer *renderer = wlr_gles2_renderer_from_renderer(wlr_renderer);
 	return wlr_egl_get_dmabuf_render_formats(renderer->egl);
 }
 
 static int gles2_get_drm_fd(struct wlr_renderer *wlr_renderer) {
 	struct wlr_gles2_renderer *renderer =
-		gles2_get_renderer(wlr_renderer);
+		wlr_gles2_renderer_from_renderer(wlr_renderer);
 
 	if (renderer->drm_fd < 0) {
 		renderer->drm_fd = wlr_egl_dup_drm_fd(renderer->egl);
@@ -195,12 +189,12 @@ static int gles2_get_drm_fd(struct wlr_renderer *wlr_renderer) {
 
 struct wlr_egl *wlr_gles2_renderer_get_egl(struct wlr_renderer *wlr_renderer) {
 	struct wlr_gles2_renderer *renderer =
-		gles2_get_renderer(wlr_renderer);
+		wlr_gles2_renderer_from_renderer(wlr_renderer);
 	return renderer->egl;
 }
 
 static void gles2_destroy(struct wlr_renderer *wlr_renderer) {
-	struct wlr_gles2_renderer *renderer = gles2_get_renderer(wlr_renderer);
+	struct wlr_gles2_renderer *renderer = wlr_gles2_renderer_from_renderer(wlr_renderer);
 
 	wlr_egl_make_current(renderer->egl, NULL);
 
@@ -214,13 +208,6 @@ static void gles2_destroy(struct wlr_renderer *wlr_renderer) {
 		destroy_buffer(buffer);
 	}
 
-	push_gles2_debug(renderer);
-	glDeleteProgram(renderer->shaders.quad.program);
-	glDeleteProgram(renderer->shaders.tex_rgba.program);
-	glDeleteProgram(renderer->shaders.tex_rgbx.program);
-	glDeleteProgram(renderer->shaders.tex_ext.program);
-	pop_gles2_debug(renderer);
-
 	if (renderer->exts.KHR_debug) {
 		glDisable(GL_DEBUG_OUTPUT_KHR);
 		renderer->procs.glDebugMessageCallbackKHR(NULL, NULL);
@@ -240,7 +227,7 @@ static void gles2_destroy(struct wlr_renderer *wlr_renderer) {
 
 static struct wlr_render_pass *gles2_begin_buffer_pass(struct wlr_renderer *wlr_renderer,
 		struct wlr_buffer *wlr_buffer, const struct wlr_buffer_pass_options *options) {
-	struct wlr_gles2_renderer *renderer = gles2_get_renderer(wlr_renderer);
+	struct wlr_gles2_renderer *renderer = wlr_gles2_renderer_from_renderer(wlr_renderer);
 
 	struct wlr_egl_context prev_ctx = {0};
 	if (!wlr_egl_make_current(renderer->egl, &prev_ctx)) {
@@ -268,7 +255,7 @@ static struct wlr_render_pass *gles2_begin_buffer_pass(struct wlr_renderer *wlr_
 
 GLuint wlr_gles2_renderer_get_buffer_fbo(struct wlr_renderer *wlr_renderer,
 		struct wlr_buffer *wlr_buffer) {
-	struct wlr_gles2_renderer *renderer = gles2_get_renderer(wlr_renderer);
+	struct wlr_gles2_renderer *renderer = wlr_gles2_renderer_from_renderer(wlr_renderer);
 	GLuint fbo = 0;
 
 	struct wlr_egl_context prev_ctx = {0};
@@ -286,7 +273,7 @@ GLuint wlr_gles2_renderer_get_buffer_fbo(struct wlr_renderer *wlr_renderer,
 }
 
 static struct wlr_render_timer *gles2_render_timer_create(struct wlr_renderer *wlr_renderer) {
-	struct wlr_gles2_renderer *renderer = gles2_get_renderer(wlr_renderer);
+	struct wlr_gles2_renderer *renderer = wlr_gles2_renderer_from_renderer(wlr_renderer);
 	if (!renderer->exts.EXT_disjoint_timer_query) {
 		wlr_log(WLR_ERROR, "can't create timer, EXT_disjoint_timer_query not available");
 		return NULL;
@@ -367,7 +354,7 @@ static const struct wlr_render_timer_impl render_timer_impl = {
 	.destroy = gles2_render_timer_destroy,
 };
 
-void push_gles2_debug_(struct wlr_gles2_renderer *renderer,
+void wlr_gles2_push_debug_(struct wlr_gles2_renderer *renderer,
 		const char *file, const char *func) {
 	if (!renderer->procs.glPushDebugGroupKHR) {
 		return;
@@ -379,7 +366,7 @@ void push_gles2_debug_(struct wlr_gles2_renderer *renderer,
 	renderer->procs.glPushDebugGroupKHR(GL_DEBUG_SOURCE_APPLICATION_KHR, 1, -1, str);
 }
 
-void pop_gles2_debug(struct wlr_gles2_renderer *renderer) {
+void wlr_gles2_pop_debug(struct wlr_gles2_renderer *renderer) {
 	if (renderer->procs.glPopDebugGroupKHR) {
 		renderer->procs.glPopDebugGroupKHR();
 	}
@@ -407,7 +394,7 @@ static void gles2_log(GLenum src, GLenum type, GLuint id, GLenum severity,
 
 static GLuint compile_shader(struct wlr_gles2_renderer *renderer,
 		GLenum type, const GLchar *src) {
-	push_gles2_debug(renderer);
+	 wlr_gles2_push_debug(renderer);
 
 	GLuint shader = glCreateShader(type);
 	glShaderSource(shader, 1, &src, NULL);
@@ -421,13 +408,13 @@ static GLuint compile_shader(struct wlr_gles2_renderer *renderer,
 		shader = 0;
 	}
 
-	pop_gles2_debug(renderer);
+	wlr_gles2_pop_debug(renderer);
 	return shader;
 }
 
-static GLuint link_program(struct wlr_gles2_renderer *renderer,
+GLuint wlr_gles2_link_program(struct wlr_gles2_renderer *renderer,
 		const GLchar *vert_src, const GLchar *frag_src) {
-	push_gles2_debug(renderer);
+	 wlr_gles2_push_debug(renderer);
 
 	GLuint vert = compile_shader(renderer, GL_VERTEX_SHADER, vert_src);
 	if (!vert) {
@@ -458,11 +445,11 @@ static GLuint link_program(struct wlr_gles2_renderer *renderer,
 		goto error;
 	}
 
-	pop_gles2_debug(renderer);
+	wlr_gles2_pop_debug(renderer);
 	return prog;
 
 error:
-	pop_gles2_debug(renderer);
+	wlr_gles2_pop_debug(renderer);
 	return 0;
 }
 
@@ -630,57 +617,6 @@ struct wlr_renderer *wlr_gles2_renderer_create(struct wlr_egl *egl) {
 			GL_DEBUG_TYPE_PUSH_GROUP_KHR, GL_DONT_CARE, 0, NULL, GL_FALSE);
 	}
 
-	push_gles2_debug(renderer);
-
-	GLuint prog;
-	renderer->shaders.quad.program = prog =
-		link_program(renderer, common_vert_src, quad_frag_src);
-	if (!renderer->shaders.quad.program) {
-		goto error;
-	}
-	renderer->shaders.quad.proj = glGetUniformLocation(prog, "proj");
-	renderer->shaders.quad.color = glGetUniformLocation(prog, "color");
-	renderer->shaders.quad.pos_attrib = glGetAttribLocation(prog, "pos");
-
-	renderer->shaders.tex_rgba.program = prog =
-		link_program(renderer, common_vert_src, tex_rgba_frag_src);
-	if (!renderer->shaders.tex_rgba.program) {
-		goto error;
-	}
-	renderer->shaders.tex_rgba.proj = glGetUniformLocation(prog, "proj");
-	renderer->shaders.tex_rgba.tex_proj = glGetUniformLocation(prog, "tex_proj");
-	renderer->shaders.tex_rgba.tex = glGetUniformLocation(prog, "tex");
-	renderer->shaders.tex_rgba.alpha = glGetUniformLocation(prog, "alpha");
-	renderer->shaders.tex_rgba.pos_attrib = glGetAttribLocation(prog, "pos");
-
-	renderer->shaders.tex_rgbx.program = prog =
-		link_program(renderer, common_vert_src, tex_rgbx_frag_src);
-	if (!renderer->shaders.tex_rgbx.program) {
-		goto error;
-	}
-	renderer->shaders.tex_rgbx.proj = glGetUniformLocation(prog, "proj");
-	renderer->shaders.tex_rgbx.tex_proj = glGetUniformLocation(prog, "tex_proj");
-	renderer->shaders.tex_rgbx.tex = glGetUniformLocation(prog, "tex");
-	renderer->shaders.tex_rgbx.alpha = glGetUniformLocation(prog, "alpha");
-	renderer->shaders.tex_rgbx.pos_attrib = glGetAttribLocation(prog, "pos");
-
-	if (renderer->exts.OES_egl_image_external) {
-		renderer->shaders.tex_ext.program = prog =
-			link_program(renderer, common_vert_src, tex_external_frag_src);
-		if (!renderer->shaders.tex_ext.program) {
-			goto error;
-		}
-		renderer->shaders.tex_ext.proj = glGetUniformLocation(prog, "proj");
-		renderer->shaders.tex_ext.tex_proj = glGetUniformLocation(prog, "tex_proj");
-		renderer->shaders.tex_ext.tex = glGetUniformLocation(prog, "tex");
-		renderer->shaders.tex_ext.alpha = glGetUniformLocation(prog, "alpha");
-		renderer->shaders.tex_ext.pos_attrib = glGetAttribLocation(prog, "pos");
-	}
-
-	pop_gles2_debug(renderer);
-
-	wlr_egl_unset_current(renderer->egl);
-
 	get_gles2_shm_formats(renderer, &renderer->shm_texture_formats);
 
 	int drm_fd = wlr_renderer_get_drm_fd(&renderer->wlr_renderer);
@@ -691,28 +627,10 @@ struct wlr_renderer *wlr_gles2_renderer_create(struct wlr_egl *egl) {
 	}
 
 	return &renderer->wlr_renderer;
-
-error:
-	glDeleteProgram(renderer->shaders.quad.program);
-	glDeleteProgram(renderer->shaders.tex_rgba.program);
-	glDeleteProgram(renderer->shaders.tex_rgbx.program);
-	glDeleteProgram(renderer->shaders.tex_ext.program);
-
-	pop_gles2_debug(renderer);
-
-	if (renderer->exts.KHR_debug) {
-		glDisable(GL_DEBUG_OUTPUT_KHR);
-		renderer->procs.glDebugMessageCallbackKHR(NULL, NULL);
-	}
-
-	wlr_egl_unset_current(renderer->egl);
-
-	free(renderer);
-	return NULL;
 }
 
 bool wlr_gles2_renderer_check_ext(struct wlr_renderer *wlr_renderer,
 		const char *ext) {
-	struct wlr_gles2_renderer *renderer = gles2_get_renderer(wlr_renderer);
+	struct wlr_gles2_renderer *renderer = wlr_gles2_renderer_from_renderer(wlr_renderer);
 	return check_gl_ext(renderer->exts_str, ext);
 }
diff --git a/render/gles2/texture.c b/render/gles2/texture.c
index 575a11fca..f40191341 100644
--- a/render/gles2/texture.c
+++ b/render/gles2/texture.c
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ static bool gles2_texture_update_from_buffer(struct wlr_texture *wlr_texture,
 	struct wlr_egl_context prev_ctx;
 	wlr_egl_make_current(texture->renderer->egl, &prev_ctx);
 
-	push_gles2_debug(texture->renderer);
+	 wlr_gles2_push_debug(texture->renderer);
 
 	glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture->tex);
 
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ static bool gles2_texture_update_from_buffer(struct wlr_texture *wlr_texture,
 
 	glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0);
 
-	pop_gles2_debug(texture->renderer);
+	wlr_gles2_pop_debug(texture->renderer);
 
 	wlr_egl_restore_context(&prev_ctx);
 
@@ -114,12 +114,12 @@ void gles2_texture_destroy(struct wlr_gles2_texture *texture) {
 		struct wlr_egl_context prev_ctx;
 		wlr_egl_make_current(texture->renderer->egl, &prev_ctx);
 
-		push_gles2_debug(texture->renderer);
+		 wlr_gles2_push_debug(texture->renderer);
 
 		glDeleteTextures(1, &texture->tex);
 		glDeleteFramebuffers(1, &texture->fbo);
 
-		pop_gles2_debug(texture->renderer);
+		wlr_gles2_pop_debug(texture->renderer);
 
 		wlr_egl_restore_context(&prev_ctx);
 	}
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ static bool gles2_texture_read_pixels(struct wlr_texture *wlr_texture,
 		return false;
 	}
 
-	push_gles2_debug(texture->renderer);
+	 wlr_gles2_push_debug(texture->renderer);
 	struct wlr_egl_context prev_ctx;
 	if (!wlr_egl_make_current(texture->renderer->egl, &prev_ctx)) {
 		return false;
@@ -249,7 +249,7 @@ static bool gles2_texture_read_pixels(struct wlr_texture *wlr_texture,
 	}
 
 	wlr_egl_restore_context(&prev_ctx);
-	pop_gles2_debug(texture->renderer);
+	wlr_gles2_pop_debug(texture->renderer);
 
 	return glGetError() == GL_NO_ERROR;
 }
@@ -257,7 +257,7 @@ static bool gles2_texture_read_pixels(struct wlr_texture *wlr_texture,
 static uint32_t gles2_texture_preferred_read_format(struct wlr_texture *wlr_texture) {
 	struct wlr_gles2_texture *texture = gles2_get_texture(wlr_texture);
 
-	push_gles2_debug(texture->renderer);
+	 wlr_gles2_push_debug(texture->renderer);
 
 	uint32_t fmt = DRM_FORMAT_INVALID;
 
@@ -276,7 +276,7 @@ static uint32_t gles2_texture_preferred_read_format(struct wlr_texture *wlr_text
 	glGetIntegerv(GL_ALPHA_BITS, &alpha_size);
 
 	glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, 0);
-	pop_gles2_debug(texture->renderer);
+	wlr_gles2_pop_debug(texture->renderer);
 
 	const struct wlr_gles2_pixel_format *pix_fmt =
 		get_gles2_format_from_gl(gl_format, gl_type, alpha_size > 0);
@@ -320,7 +320,7 @@ static struct wlr_texture *gles2_texture_from_pixels(
 		struct wlr_renderer *wlr_renderer,
 		uint32_t drm_format, uint32_t stride, uint32_t width,
 		uint32_t height, const void *data) {
-	struct wlr_gles2_renderer *renderer = gles2_get_renderer(wlr_renderer);
+	struct wlr_gles2_renderer *renderer = wlr_gles2_renderer_from_renderer(wlr_renderer);
 
 	const struct wlr_gles2_pixel_format *fmt =
 		get_gles2_format_from_drm(drm_format);
@@ -358,7 +358,7 @@ static struct wlr_texture *gles2_texture_from_pixels(
 	struct wlr_egl_context prev_ctx;
 	wlr_egl_make_current(renderer->egl, &prev_ctx);
 
-	push_gles2_debug(renderer);
+	 wlr_gles2_push_debug(renderer);
 
 	glGenTextures(1, &texture->tex);
 	glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture->tex);
@@ -372,7 +372,7 @@ static struct wlr_texture *gles2_texture_from_pixels(
 
 	glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0);
 
-	pop_gles2_debug(renderer);
+	wlr_gles2_pop_debug(renderer);
 
 	wlr_egl_restore_context(&prev_ctx);
 
@@ -404,7 +404,7 @@ static struct wlr_texture *gles2_texture_from_dmabuf(
 
 	struct wlr_egl_context prev_ctx;
 	wlr_egl_make_current(renderer->egl, &prev_ctx);
-	push_gles2_debug(texture->renderer);
+	 wlr_gles2_push_debug(texture->renderer);
 
 	bool invalid;
 	if (!buffer->tex) {
@@ -423,7 +423,7 @@ static struct wlr_texture *gles2_texture_from_dmabuf(
 		glBindTexture(texture->target, 0);
 	}
 
-	pop_gles2_debug(texture->renderer);
+	wlr_gles2_pop_debug(texture->renderer);
 	wlr_egl_restore_context(&prev_ctx);
 
 	texture->tex = buffer->tex;
@@ -433,7 +433,7 @@ static struct wlr_texture *gles2_texture_from_dmabuf(
 
 struct wlr_texture *gles2_texture_from_buffer(struct wlr_renderer *wlr_renderer,
 		struct wlr_buffer *buffer) {
-	struct wlr_gles2_renderer *renderer = gles2_get_renderer(wlr_renderer);
+	struct wlr_gles2_renderer *renderer = wlr_gles2_renderer_from_renderer(wlr_renderer);
 
 	void *data;
 	uint32_t format;
diff --git a/render/pass.c b/render/pass.c
index 23bdf96dd..35f467eb1 100644
--- a/render/pass.c
+++ b/render/pass.c
@@ -1,17 +1,46 @@
 #include <assert.h>
 #include <string.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
 #include <wlr/render/interface.h>
+#include <wlr/util/log.h>
+#include <wlr/render/pixman.h>
 
-void wlr_render_pass_init(struct wlr_render_pass *render_pass,
+#include <wlr/config.h>
+
+#if WLR_HAS_GLES2_RENDERER
+#include <wlr/render/gles2.h>
+#endif
+
+#if WLR_HAS_VULKAN_RENDERER
+#include <wlr/render/vulkan.h>
+#endif
+
+void wlr_render_pass_init(struct wlr_render_pass *pass,
 		const struct wlr_render_pass_impl *impl) {
-	assert(impl->submit && impl->add_texture && impl->add_rect);
-	*render_pass = (struct wlr_render_pass){
+	assert(impl->destroy);
+	*pass = (struct wlr_render_pass){
 		.impl = impl,
 	};
 }
 
+void wlr_render_pass_destroy(struct wlr_render_pass *pass) {
+	if (pass == NULL) {
+		return;
+	}
+
+	pass->impl->destroy(pass);
+}
+
+struct wlr_renderer *wlr_get_wlr_renderer_from_render_pass(
+		struct wlr_render_pass *wlr_pass) {
+	return wlr_pass->impl->get_renderer(wlr_pass);
+}
+
 bool wlr_render_pass_submit(struct wlr_render_pass *render_pass) {
-	return render_pass->impl->submit(render_pass);
+	struct wlr_renderer *renderer =
+		wlr_get_wlr_renderer_from_render_pass(render_pass);
+
+	return renderer->submit_pass->impl->render(render_pass);
 }
 
 void wlr_render_pass_add_texture(struct wlr_render_pass *render_pass,
@@ -25,13 +54,19 @@ void wlr_render_pass_add_texture(struct wlr_render_pass *render_pass,
 		(uint32_t)(box->y + box->height) <= options->texture->height);
 	}
 
-	render_pass->impl->add_texture(render_pass, options);
+	struct wlr_renderer *renderer =
+		wlr_get_wlr_renderer_from_render_pass(render_pass);
+
+	renderer->texture_pass->impl->render(render_pass, options);
 }
 
 void wlr_render_pass_add_rect(struct wlr_render_pass *render_pass,
 		const struct wlr_render_rect_options *options) {
 	assert(options->box.width >= 0 && options->box.height >= 0);
-	render_pass->impl->add_rect(render_pass, options);
+	struct wlr_renderer *renderer =
+		wlr_get_wlr_renderer_from_render_pass(render_pass);
+
+	renderer->rect_pass->impl->render(render_pass, options);
 }
 
 void wlr_render_texture_options_get_src_box(const struct wlr_render_texture_options *options,
@@ -74,3 +109,168 @@ void wlr_render_rect_options_get_box(const struct wlr_render_rect_options *optio
 
 	*box = options->box;
 }
+
+void wlr_render_rect_pass_init(struct wlr_render_rect_pass *render_pass,
+	const struct wlr_render_rect_pass_impl *impl) {
+	assert(impl->render);
+	*render_pass = (struct wlr_render_rect_pass){
+		.impl = impl,
+	};
+	wl_signal_init(&render_pass->events.destroy);
+}
+
+void wlr_render_rect_pass_destroy(struct wlr_render_rect_pass *render_pass) {
+	if (render_pass == NULL) {
+		return;
+	}
+
+	wl_signal_emit_mutable(&render_pass->events.destroy, NULL);
+	assert(wl_list_empty(&render_pass->events.destroy.listener_list));
+
+	if (render_pass->impl->destroy != NULL) {
+		render_pass->impl->destroy(render_pass);
+	} else {
+		free(render_pass);
+	}
+}
+
+struct wlr_render_rect_pass *get_or_create_render_rect_pass(
+		struct wlr_renderer *renderer) {
+	if (renderer == NULL) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	if (renderer->rect_pass == NULL) {
+		struct wlr_render_rect_pass *pass = NULL;
+		if (wlr_renderer_is_pixman(renderer)) {
+			pass = wlr_pixman_render_rect_pass_create();
+		}
+
+#if WLR_HAS_GLES2_RENDERER
+		else if (wlr_renderer_is_gles2(renderer)) {
+			pass = wlr_gles2_render_rect_pass_create(renderer);
+		}
+#endif
+
+#if WLR_HAS_VULKAN_RENDERER
+		else if (wlr_renderer_is_vk(renderer)) {
+			pass = wlr_vk_render_rect_pass_create(renderer);
+		}
+#endif
+
+		renderer->rect_pass = pass;
+		return pass;
+	} else {
+		return renderer->rect_pass;
+	}
+}
+
+void wlr_render_texture_pass_init(struct wlr_render_texture_pass *render_pass,
+			const struct wlr_render_texture_pass_impl *impl) {
+		assert(impl->render);
+		*render_pass = (struct wlr_render_texture_pass){
+			.impl = impl,
+		};
+		wl_signal_init(&render_pass->events.destroy);
+}
+void wlr_render_texture_pass_destroy(struct wlr_render_texture_pass *render_pass) {
+	if (render_pass == NULL) {
+		return;
+	}
+
+	wl_signal_emit_mutable(&render_pass->events.destroy, NULL);
+	assert(wl_list_empty(&render_pass->events.destroy.listener_list));
+
+	if (render_pass->impl->destroy != NULL) {
+		render_pass->impl->destroy(render_pass);
+	}
+}
+
+struct wlr_render_texture_pass *get_or_create_render_texture_pass(
+		struct wlr_renderer *renderer) {
+	if (renderer == NULL) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	if (renderer->texture_pass == NULL) {
+		struct wlr_render_texture_pass *pass = NULL;
+		if (wlr_renderer_is_pixman(renderer)) {
+			pass = wlr_pixman_render_texture_pass_create();
+		}
+
+#if WLR_HAS_GLES2_RENDERER
+		else if (wlr_renderer_is_gles2(renderer)) {
+			pass = wlr_gles2_render_texture_pass_create(renderer);
+		}
+#endif
+
+#if WLR_HAS_VULKAN_RENDERER
+		else if (wlr_renderer_is_vk(renderer)) {
+			pass = wlr_vk_render_texture_pass_create(renderer);
+		}
+#endif
+
+		renderer->texture_pass = pass;
+		return pass;
+	} else {
+		return renderer->texture_pass;
+	}
+}
+
+void wlr_render_submit_pass_init(struct wlr_render_submit_pass *pass,
+		const struct wlr_render_submit_pass_impl *impl) {
+	assert(impl->render);
+	*pass = (struct wlr_render_submit_pass){
+		.impl = impl,
+	};
+	wl_signal_init(&pass->events.destroy);
+}
+
+void wlr_render_submit_pass_destroy(struct wlr_render_submit_pass *pass) {
+	if (pass == NULL) {
+		return;
+	}
+
+	wl_signal_emit_mutable(&pass->events.destroy, NULL);
+	assert(wl_list_empty(&pass->events.destroy.listener_list));
+
+	if (pass->impl->destroy != NULL) {
+		pass->impl->destroy(pass);
+	}
+}
+
+struct wlr_render_submit_pass *get_or_create_render_submit_pass(
+		struct wlr_renderer *renderer) {
+	if (renderer == NULL) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	if (renderer->submit_pass == NULL) {
+		struct wlr_render_submit_pass *pass = NULL;
+		if (wlr_renderer_is_pixman(renderer)) {
+			pass = wlr_pixman_render_submit_pass_create();
+		}
+
+#if WLR_HAS_GLES2_RENDERER
+		else if (wlr_renderer_is_gles2(renderer)) {
+			pass = wlr_gles2_render_submit_pass_create();
+		}
+#endif
+
+#if WLR_HAS_VULKAN_RENDERER
+		else if (wlr_renderer_is_vk(renderer)) {
+			pass = wlr_vk_render_submit_pass_create(renderer);
+		}
+#endif
+
+		if (pass == NULL) {
+			wlr_log_errno(WLR_ERROR, "Failed to allocate wlr_render_submit_pass");
+			return NULL;
+		}
+
+		renderer->submit_pass = pass;
+		return pass;
+	} else {
+		return renderer->submit_pass;
+	}
+}
diff --git a/render/pixman/pass.c b/render/pixman/pass.c
index af738bb42..d05c85d2b 100644
--- a/render/pixman/pass.c
+++ b/render/pixman/pass.c
@@ -1,10 +1,14 @@
 #include <assert.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
+
+#include <wlr/util/log.h>
+
 #include "render/pixman.h"
 
 static const struct wlr_render_pass_impl render_pass_impl;
 
-static struct wlr_pixman_render_pass *get_render_pass(struct wlr_render_pass *wlr_pass) {
+struct wlr_pixman_render_pass *wlr_pixman_render_pass_from_render_pass(
+		struct wlr_render_pass *wlr_pass) {
 	assert(wlr_pass->impl == &render_pass_impl);
 	struct wlr_pixman_render_pass *pass = wl_container_of(wlr_pass, pass, base);
 	return pass;
@@ -17,7 +21,7 @@ static struct wlr_pixman_texture *get_texture(struct wlr_texture *wlr_texture) {
 }
 
 static bool render_pass_submit(struct wlr_render_pass *wlr_pass) {
-	struct wlr_pixman_render_pass *pass = get_render_pass(wlr_pass);
+	struct wlr_pixman_render_pass *pass = wlr_pixman_render_pass_from_render_pass(wlr_pass);
 
 	wlr_buffer_end_data_ptr_access(pass->buffer->buffer);
 	wlr_buffer_unlock(pass->buffer->buffer);
@@ -38,7 +42,7 @@ static pixman_op_t get_pixman_blending(enum wlr_render_blend_mode mode) {
 
 static void render_pass_add_texture(struct wlr_render_pass *wlr_pass,
 		const struct wlr_render_texture_options *options) {
-	struct wlr_pixman_render_pass *pass = get_render_pass(wlr_pass);
+	struct wlr_pixman_render_pass *pass = wlr_pixman_render_pass_from_render_pass(wlr_pass);
 	struct wlr_pixman_texture *texture = get_texture(options->texture);
 	struct wlr_pixman_buffer *buffer = pass->buffer;
 
@@ -201,7 +205,7 @@ static void render_pass_add_texture(struct wlr_render_pass *wlr_pass,
 
 static void render_pass_add_rect(struct wlr_render_pass *wlr_pass,
 		const struct wlr_render_rect_options *options) {
-	struct wlr_pixman_render_pass *pass = get_render_pass(wlr_pass);
+	struct wlr_pixman_render_pass *pass = wlr_pixman_render_pass_from_render_pass(wlr_pass);
 	struct wlr_pixman_buffer *buffer = pass->buffer;
 	struct wlr_box box;
 	wlr_render_rect_options_get_box(options, pass->buffer->buffer, &box);
@@ -226,12 +230,100 @@ static void render_pass_add_rect(struct wlr_render_pass *wlr_pass,
 	pixman_image_unref(fill);
 }
 
+static void render_pass_destory(struct wlr_render_pass *wlr_pass) {
+	(void)wlr_pass;
+}
+
+static struct wlr_renderer *render_pass_get_renderer(struct wlr_render_pass *wlr_pass) {
+	struct wlr_pixman_render_pass *pass = wlr_pixman_render_pass_from_render_pass(wlr_pass);
+	struct wlr_pixman_renderer *renderer = pass->buffer->renderer;
+
+	return &renderer->wlr_renderer;
+}
+
 static const struct wlr_render_pass_impl render_pass_impl = {
-	.submit = render_pass_submit,
-	.add_texture = render_pass_add_texture,
-	.add_rect = render_pass_add_rect,
+	.destroy = render_pass_destory,
+	.get_renderer = render_pass_get_renderer,
 };
 
+static void render_rect_pass_destroy(struct wlr_render_rect_pass *pass) {
+	struct wlr_pixman_render_rect_pass *pixman_pass =
+		wlr_pixman_render_rect_pass_from_pass(pass);
+	free(pixman_pass);
+}
+
+static const struct wlr_render_rect_pass_impl render_rect_pass_impl = {
+	.destroy = render_rect_pass_destroy,
+	.render = render_pass_add_rect,
+};
+
+struct wlr_render_rect_pass *wlr_pixman_render_rect_pass_create(void) {
+	struct wlr_pixman_render_rect_pass *pass = malloc(sizeof(*pass));
+	if (pass == NULL) {
+		wlr_log_errno(WLR_ERROR, "failed to allocate wlr_pixman_render_rect_pass");
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	wlr_render_rect_pass_init(&pass->base, &render_rect_pass_impl);
+
+	return &pass->base;
+}
+
+bool wlr_render_rect_pass_is_pixman(const struct wlr_render_rect_pass *rect_pass) {
+	return rect_pass->impl == &render_rect_pass_impl;
+}
+
+struct wlr_pixman_render_rect_pass *wlr_pixman_render_rect_pass_from_pass(
+		struct wlr_render_rect_pass *rect_pass) {
+	if (!wlr_render_rect_pass_is_pixman(rect_pass)) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	struct wlr_pixman_render_rect_pass *pass =
+		wl_container_of(rect_pass, pass, base);
+
+	return pass;
+}
+
+static void render_texture_pass_destroy(struct wlr_render_texture_pass *pass) {
+	struct wlr_pixman_render_texture_pass *pixman_pass =
+		wlr_pixman_render_texture_pass_from_pass(pass);
+	free(pixman_pass);
+}
+
+static const struct wlr_render_texture_pass_impl render_texture_pass_impl = {
+	.destroy = render_texture_pass_destroy,
+	.render = render_pass_add_texture,
+};
+
+struct wlr_render_texture_pass *wlr_pixman_render_texture_pass_create(void) {
+	struct wlr_pixman_render_texture_pass *pass = malloc(sizeof(*pass));
+	if (pass == NULL) {
+		wlr_log_errno(WLR_ERROR, "failed to allocate wlr_pixman_render_texture_pass");
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	wlr_render_texture_pass_init(&pass->base, &render_texture_pass_impl);
+
+	return &pass->base;
+}
+
+bool wlr_render_texture_pass_is_pixman(const struct wlr_render_texture_pass *texture_pass) {
+	return texture_pass->impl == &render_texture_pass_impl;
+}
+
+struct wlr_pixman_render_texture_pass *wlr_pixman_render_texture_pass_from_pass(
+	struct wlr_render_texture_pass *texture_pass) {
+	if (!wlr_render_texture_pass_is_pixman(texture_pass)) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	struct wlr_pixman_render_texture_pass *pixman_pass =
+		wl_container_of(texture_pass, pixman_pass, base);
+
+	return pixman_pass;
+}
+
 struct wlr_pixman_render_pass *begin_pixman_render_pass(
 		struct wlr_pixman_buffer *buffer) {
 	struct wlr_pixman_render_pass *pass = calloc(1, sizeof(*pass));
@@ -252,3 +344,42 @@ struct wlr_pixman_render_pass *begin_pixman_render_pass(
 
 	return pass;
 }
+
+static void render_submit_pass_destroy(struct wlr_render_submit_pass *pass) {
+	struct wlr_pixman_render_submit_pass *pixman_pass =
+		wlr_pixman_render_submit_pass_from_pass(pass);
+	free(pixman_pass);
+}
+
+static const struct wlr_render_submit_pass_impl pixman_render_submit_pass_impl = {
+	.destroy = render_submit_pass_destroy,
+	.render = render_pass_submit,
+};
+
+struct wlr_render_submit_pass *wlr_pixman_render_submit_pass_create(void) {
+	struct wlr_pixman_render_submit_pass *pass = malloc(sizeof(*pass));
+	if (pass == NULL) {
+		wlr_log_errno(WLR_ERROR, "failed to allocate wlr_pixman_render_submit_pass");
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	wlr_render_submit_pass_init(&pass->base, &pixman_render_submit_pass_impl);
+
+	return &pass->base;
+}
+
+bool wlr_render_submit_pass_is_pixman(const struct wlr_render_submit_pass *submit_pass) {
+	return submit_pass->impl == &pixman_render_submit_pass_impl;
+}
+
+struct wlr_pixman_render_submit_pass *wlr_pixman_render_submit_pass_from_pass(
+		struct wlr_render_submit_pass *submit_pass) {
+	if (!wlr_render_submit_pass_is_pixman(submit_pass)) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	struct wlr_pixman_render_submit_pass *pass =
+		wl_container_of(submit_pass, pass, base);
+
+	return pass;
+}
diff --git a/render/vulkan/pass.c b/render/vulkan/pass.c
index 01e8fbd7a..8769ccaa0 100644
--- a/render/vulkan/pass.c
+++ b/render/vulkan/pass.c
@@ -3,17 +3,37 @@
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 #include <wlr/util/log.h>
-#include <wlr/render/color.h>
 #include <wlr/render/drm_syncobj.h>
 
 #include "render/color.h"
 #include "render/vulkan.h"
+#include "render/vulkan/shaders/quad.frag.h"
+#include "render/vulkan/shaders/texture.frag.h"
 #include "util/matrix.h"
 
 static const struct wlr_render_pass_impl render_pass_impl;
 static const struct wlr_addon_interface vk_color_transform_impl;
 
-static struct wlr_vk_render_pass *get_render_pass(struct wlr_render_pass *wlr_pass) {
+static bool create_shader_module(VkDevice dev, const uint32_t *code,
+		size_t code_size, const char *name, VkShaderModule *out) {
+	VkShaderModuleCreateInfo sinfo = {
+		.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SHADER_MODULE_CREATE_INFO,
+		.codeSize = code_size,
+		.pCode = code,
+	};
+
+	VkResult res = vkCreateShaderModule(dev, &sinfo, NULL, out);
+	if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
+		wlr_log(WLR_ERROR, "Failed to create %s shader module: %s (%d)",
+			name, vulkan_strerror(res), res);
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+struct wlr_vk_render_pass *wlr_vk_render_pass_from_render_pass(
+		struct wlr_render_pass *wlr_pass) {
 	assert(wlr_pass->impl == &render_pass_impl);
 	struct wlr_vk_render_pass *pass = wl_container_of(wlr_pass, pass, base);
 	return pass;
@@ -175,8 +195,11 @@ static bool unwrap_color_transform(struct wlr_color_transform *transform,
 }
 
 static bool render_pass_submit(struct wlr_render_pass *wlr_pass) {
-	struct wlr_vk_render_pass *pass = get_render_pass(wlr_pass);
+	struct wlr_vk_render_pass *pass = wlr_vk_render_pass_from_render_pass(wlr_pass);
 	struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer = pass->renderer;
+	struct wlr_vk_render_submit_pass *submit_pass =
+		wlr_vk_render_submit_pass_from_pass(renderer->wlr_renderer.submit_pass);
+	assert(submit_pass != NULL);
 	struct wlr_vk_command_buffer *render_cb = pass->command_buffer;
 	struct wlr_vk_render_buffer *render_buffer = pass->render_buffer;
 	struct wlr_vk_command_buffer *stage_cb = NULL;
@@ -260,9 +283,9 @@ static bool render_pass_submit(struct wlr_render_pass *wlr_pass) {
 			}
 		}
 		bind_pipeline(pass, pipeline);
-		vkCmdPushConstants(render_cb->vk, renderer->output_pipe_layout,
+		vkCmdPushConstants(render_cb->vk, submit_pass->output.pipe_layout,
 			VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT, 0, sizeof(vert_pcr_data), &vert_pcr_data);
-		vkCmdPushConstants(render_cb->vk, renderer->output_pipe_layout,
+		vkCmdPushConstants(render_cb->vk, submit_pass->output.pipe_layout,
 			VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT, sizeof(vert_pcr_data),
 			sizeof(frag_pcr_data), &frag_pcr_data);
 
@@ -270,7 +293,7 @@ static bool render_pass_submit(struct wlr_render_pass *wlr_pass) {
 		if (need_lut) {
 			lut_ds = transform->lut_3d.ds;
 		} else {
-			lut_ds = renderer->output_ds_lut3d_dummy;
+			lut_ds = submit_pass->output.ds_lut3d_dummy;
 		}
 		VkDescriptorSet ds[] = {
 			render_buffer->two_pass.blend_descriptor_set, // set 0
@@ -278,7 +301,7 @@ static bool render_pass_submit(struct wlr_render_pass *wlr_pass) {
 		};
 		size_t ds_len = sizeof(ds) / sizeof(ds[0]);
 		vkCmdBindDescriptorSets(render_cb->vk,
-			VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, renderer->output_pipe_layout,
+			VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, submit_pass->output.pipe_layout,
 			0, ds_len, ds, 0, NULL);
 
 		const pixman_region32_t *clip = rect_union_evaluate(&pass->updated_region);
@@ -643,7 +666,10 @@ static void render_pass_mark_box_updated(struct wlr_vk_render_pass *pass,
 
 static void render_pass_add_rect(struct wlr_render_pass *wlr_pass,
 		const struct wlr_render_rect_options *options) {
-	struct wlr_vk_render_pass *pass = get_render_pass(wlr_pass);
+	struct wlr_vk_render_pass *pass = wlr_vk_render_pass_from_render_pass(wlr_pass);
+	struct wlr_vk_render_rect_pass *rect_pass =
+		wlr_vk_render_rect_pass_from_pass(pass->renderer->wlr_renderer.rect_pass);
+	assert(rect_pass != NULL);
 	VkCommandBuffer cb = pass->command_buffer->vk;
 
 	// Input color values are given in sRGB space, shader expects
@@ -693,7 +719,9 @@ static void render_pass_add_rect(struct wlr_render_pass *wlr_pass,
 			&(struct wlr_vk_pipeline_key) {
 				.source = WLR_VK_SHADER_SOURCE_SINGLE_COLOR,
 				.layout = {0},
-			});
+			},
+			rect_pass->shader.vert_module,
+			rect_pass->shader.frag_module);
 		if (!pipe) {
 			pass->failed = true;
 			break;
@@ -745,8 +773,11 @@ static void render_pass_add_rect(struct wlr_render_pass *wlr_pass,
 
 static void render_pass_add_texture(struct wlr_render_pass *wlr_pass,
 		const struct wlr_render_texture_options *options) {
-	struct wlr_vk_render_pass *pass = get_render_pass(wlr_pass);
+	struct wlr_vk_render_pass *pass = wlr_vk_render_pass_from_render_pass(wlr_pass);
 	struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer = pass->renderer;
+	struct wlr_vk_render_texture_pass *texture_pass =
+		wlr_vk_render_texture_pass_from_pass(renderer->wlr_renderer.texture_pass);
+	assert(texture_pass != NULL);
 	VkCommandBuffer cb = pass->command_buffer->vk;
 
 	struct wlr_vk_texture *texture = vulkan_get_texture(options->texture);
@@ -844,7 +875,9 @@ static void render_pass_add_texture(struct wlr_render_pass *wlr_pass,
 			.texture_transform = tex_transform,
 			.blend_mode = !texture->has_alpha && alpha == 1.0 ?
 				WLR_RENDER_BLEND_MODE_NONE : options->blend_mode,
-		});
+		},
+		texture_pass->shader.vert_module,
+		texture_pass->shader.frag_module);
 	if (!pipe) {
 		pass->failed = true;
 		return;
@@ -941,12 +974,21 @@ static void render_pass_add_texture(struct wlr_render_pass *wlr_pass,
 	}
 }
 
-static const struct wlr_render_pass_impl render_pass_impl = {
-	.submit = render_pass_submit,
-	.add_rect = render_pass_add_rect,
-	.add_texture = render_pass_add_texture,
-};
+static void render_pass_destory(struct wlr_render_pass *wlr_pass) {
+	(void)wlr_pass;
+}
 
+static struct wlr_renderer *render_pass_get_renderer(struct wlr_render_pass *wlr_pass) {
+	struct wlr_vk_render_pass *pass = wlr_vk_render_pass_from_render_pass(wlr_pass);
+	struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer = pass->renderer;
+
+	return &renderer->wlr_renderer;
+}
+
+static const struct wlr_render_pass_impl render_pass_impl = {
+	.destroy = render_pass_destory,
+	.get_renderer = render_pass_get_renderer,
+};
 
 void vk_color_transform_destroy(struct wlr_addon *addon) {
 	struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer = (struct wlr_vk_renderer *)addon->owner;
@@ -970,6 +1012,12 @@ static bool create_3d_lut_image(struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer,
 		VkImage *image, VkImageView *image_view,
 		VkDeviceMemory *memory, VkDescriptorSet *ds,
 		struct wlr_vk_descriptor_pool **ds_pool) {
+	struct wlr_vk_render_submit_pass *submit_pass =
+		wlr_vk_render_submit_pass_from_pass(renderer->wlr_renderer.submit_pass);;
+	if (submit_pass == NULL) {
+		return false;
+	}
+
 	VkDevice dev = renderer->dev->dev;
 	VkResult res;
 
@@ -1108,7 +1156,7 @@ static bool create_3d_lut_image(struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer,
 		VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_ALL_GRAPHICS_BIT, VK_ACCESS_SHADER_READ_BIT);
 
 	*ds_pool = vulkan_alloc_texture_ds(renderer,
-		renderer->output_ds_lut3d_layout, ds);
+		submit_pass->output.ds_lut3d_layout, ds);
 	if (!*ds_pool) {
 		wlr_log(WLR_ERROR, "Failed to allocate descriptor");
 		goto fail_imageview;
@@ -1277,9 +1325,12 @@ struct wlr_vk_render_pass *vulkan_begin_render_pass(struct wlr_vk_renderer *rend
 		return NULL;
 	}
 
-	if (!renderer->dummy3d_image_transitioned) {
-		renderer->dummy3d_image_transitioned = true;
-		vulkan_change_layout(cb->vk, renderer->dummy3d_image,
+	struct wlr_vk_render_submit_pass *submit_pass =
+		wlr_vk_render_submit_pass_from_pass(renderer->wlr_renderer.submit_pass);
+	assert(submit_pass != NULL);
+	if (!submit_pass->output.dummy3d_image_transitioned) {
+		submit_pass->output.dummy3d_image_transitioned = true;
+		vulkan_change_layout(cb->vk, submit_pass->output.dummy3d_image,
 			VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TOP_OF_PIPE_BIT,
 			0, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL,
 			VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_ALL_GRAPHICS_BIT, VK_ACCESS_SHADER_READ_BIT);
@@ -1324,3 +1375,190 @@ struct wlr_vk_render_pass *vulkan_begin_render_pass(struct wlr_vk_renderer *rend
 	pass->timer = timer;
 	return pass;
 }
+
+static void render_rect_pass_destroy(struct wlr_render_rect_pass *pass) {
+	struct wlr_vk_render_rect_pass *vk_pass =
+		wlr_vk_render_rect_pass_from_pass(pass);
+	if (vk_pass->shader.vert_module != VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
+		vkDestroyShaderModule(vk_pass->renderer->dev->dev,
+			vk_pass->shader.vert_module, NULL);
+	}
+	if (vk_pass->shader.frag_module != VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
+		vkDestroyShaderModule(vk_pass->renderer->dev->dev,
+			vk_pass->shader.frag_module, NULL);
+	}
+	free(vk_pass);
+}
+
+static const struct wlr_render_rect_pass_impl render_rect_pass_impl = {
+	.destroy = render_rect_pass_destroy,
+	.render = render_pass_add_rect,
+};
+
+struct wlr_render_rect_pass *wlr_vk_render_rect_pass_create(
+		struct wlr_renderer *wlr_renderer) {
+	struct wlr_vk_render_rect_pass *pass = calloc(1, sizeof(*pass));
+	if (pass == NULL) {
+		wlr_log_errno(WLR_ERROR, "failed to allocate wlr_vk_render_rect_pass");
+		return NULL;
+	}
+	wlr_render_rect_pass_init(&pass->base, &render_rect_pass_impl);
+
+	struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer = vulkan_get_renderer(wlr_renderer);
+	pass->renderer = renderer;
+	pass->shader.vert_module = vulkan_create_common_vert_module(renderer);
+	if (pass->shader.vert_module == VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
+		render_rect_pass_destroy(&pass->base);
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	VkDevice dev = renderer->dev->dev;
+	if (!create_shader_module(dev, quad_frag_data, sizeof(quad_frag_data),
+			"quad fragment", &pass->shader.frag_module)) {
+		render_rect_pass_destroy(&pass->base);
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	return &pass->base;
+}
+
+bool wlr_render_rect_pass_is_vk(const struct wlr_render_rect_pass *rect_pass) {
+	return rect_pass->impl == &render_rect_pass_impl;
+}
+
+struct wlr_vk_render_rect_pass *wlr_vk_render_rect_pass_from_pass(
+		struct wlr_render_rect_pass *rect_pass) {
+	if (!wlr_render_rect_pass_is_vk(rect_pass)) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	struct wlr_vk_render_rect_pass *pass =
+		wl_container_of(rect_pass, pass, base);
+
+	return pass;
+}
+
+static void render_texture_pass_destroy(struct wlr_render_texture_pass *pass) {
+	struct wlr_vk_render_texture_pass *vk_pass =
+		wlr_vk_render_texture_pass_from_pass(pass);
+	if (vk_pass->shader.vert_module != VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
+		vkDestroyShaderModule(vk_pass->renderer->dev->dev,
+			vk_pass->shader.vert_module, NULL);
+	}
+	if (vk_pass->shader.frag_module != VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
+		vkDestroyShaderModule(vk_pass->renderer->dev->dev,
+			vk_pass->shader.frag_module, NULL);
+	}
+	free(vk_pass);
+}
+
+static const struct wlr_render_texture_pass_impl render_texture_pass_impl = {
+	.destroy = render_texture_pass_destroy,
+	.render = render_pass_add_texture,
+};
+
+struct wlr_render_texture_pass *wlr_vk_render_texture_pass_create(
+		struct wlr_renderer *wlr_renderer) {
+	struct wlr_vk_render_texture_pass *pass = calloc(1, sizeof(*pass));
+	if (pass == NULL) {
+		wlr_log_errno(WLR_ERROR, "failed to allocate wlr_vk_render_texture_pass");
+		return NULL;
+	}
+	wlr_render_texture_pass_init(&pass->base, &render_texture_pass_impl);
+
+	struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer = vulkan_get_renderer(wlr_renderer);
+	pass->renderer = renderer;
+	pass->shader.vert_module = vulkan_create_common_vert_module(renderer);
+	if (pass->shader.vert_module == VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
+		render_texture_pass_destroy(&pass->base);
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	VkDevice dev = renderer->dev->dev;
+	if (!create_shader_module(dev, texture_frag_data, sizeof(texture_frag_data),
+			"texture fragment", &pass->shader.frag_module)) {
+		render_texture_pass_destroy(&pass->base);
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	return &pass->base;
+}
+bool wlr_render_texture_pass_is_vk(const struct wlr_render_texture_pass *texture_pass) {
+	return texture_pass->impl == &render_texture_pass_impl;
+}
+
+struct wlr_vk_render_texture_pass *wlr_vk_render_texture_pass_from_pass(
+		const struct wlr_render_texture_pass *texture_pass) {
+	if (!wlr_render_texture_pass_is_vk(texture_pass)) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	struct wlr_vk_render_texture_pass *vk_pass = wl_container_of(texture_pass, vk_pass, base);
+
+	return vk_pass;
+}
+
+static void render_submit_pass_destroy(struct wlr_render_submit_pass *pass) {
+	struct wlr_vk_render_submit_pass *vk_pass =
+		wlr_vk_render_submit_pass_from_pass(pass);
+	VkDevice dev = vk_pass->renderer->dev->dev;
+
+	struct wlr_vk_descriptor_pool *pool, *tmp_pool;
+	wl_list_for_each_safe(pool, tmp_pool, &vk_pass->output.descriptor_pools, link) {
+		vkDestroyDescriptorPool(dev, pool->pool, NULL);
+		free(pool);
+	}
+
+	vkDestroyShaderModule(dev, vk_pass->output.vert_module, NULL);
+	vkDestroyShaderModule(dev, vk_pass->output.frag_module, NULL);
+	vkDestroyImageView(dev, vk_pass->output.dummy3d_image_view, NULL);
+	vkDestroyImage(dev, vk_pass->output.dummy3d_image, NULL);
+	vkFreeMemory(dev, vk_pass->output.dummy3d_mem, NULL);
+	vkDestroyPipelineLayout(dev, vk_pass->output.pipe_layout, NULL);
+	vkDestroyDescriptorSetLayout(dev, vk_pass->output.ds_srgb_layout, NULL);
+	vkDestroyDescriptorSetLayout(dev, vk_pass->output.ds_lut3d_layout, NULL);
+	vkDestroySampler(dev, vk_pass->output.sampler_lut3d, NULL);
+
+	free(vk_pass);
+}
+
+static const struct wlr_render_submit_pass_impl vk_render_submit_pass_impl = {
+	.destroy = render_submit_pass_destroy,
+	.render = render_pass_submit,
+};
+
+struct wlr_render_submit_pass *wlr_vk_render_submit_pass_create(
+		struct wlr_renderer *wlr_renderer) {
+	struct wlr_vk_render_submit_pass *pass = calloc(1, sizeof(*pass));
+	if (pass == NULL) {
+		wlr_log_errno(WLR_ERROR, "failed to allocate wlr_vk_render_submit_pass");
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	wlr_render_submit_pass_init(&pass->base, &vk_render_submit_pass_impl);
+	pass->renderer = vulkan_get_renderer(wlr_renderer);
+	wl_list_init(&pass->output.descriptor_pools);
+
+	if (!vulkan_init_submit_pass_output(pass->renderer, pass)) {
+		render_submit_pass_destroy(&pass->base);
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	return &pass->base;
+}
+
+bool wlr_render_submit_pass_is_vk(const struct wlr_render_submit_pass *submit_pass) {
+	return submit_pass->impl == &vk_render_submit_pass_impl;
+}
+
+struct wlr_vk_render_submit_pass *wlr_vk_render_submit_pass_from_pass(
+		struct wlr_render_submit_pass *submit_pass) {
+	if (!wlr_render_submit_pass_is_vk(submit_pass)) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	struct wlr_vk_render_submit_pass *pass =
+		wl_container_of(submit_pass, pass, base);
+
+	return pass;
+}
diff --git a/render/vulkan/renderer.c b/render/vulkan/renderer.c
index 434ab4769..d5a6fea95 100644
--- a/render/vulkan/renderer.c
+++ b/render/vulkan/renderer.c
@@ -23,8 +23,6 @@
 #include "render/pixel_format.h"
 #include "render/vulkan.h"
 #include "render/vulkan/shaders/common.vert.h"
-#include "render/vulkan/shaders/texture.frag.h"
-#include "render/vulkan/shaders/quad.frag.h"
 #include "render/vulkan/shaders/output.frag.h"
 #include "types/wlr_buffer.h"
 #include "util/time.h"
@@ -56,6 +54,23 @@ struct wlr_vk_renderer *vulkan_get_renderer(struct wlr_renderer *wlr_renderer) {
 	return renderer;
 }
 
+VkShaderModule vulkan_create_common_vert_module(struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer) {
+	VkShaderModuleCreateInfo sinfo = {
+		.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SHADER_MODULE_CREATE_INFO,
+		.codeSize = sizeof(common_vert_data),
+		.pCode = common_vert_data,
+	};
+
+	VkShaderModule module = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+	VkResult res = vkCreateShaderModule(renderer->dev->dev, &sinfo, NULL, &module);
+	if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
+		wlr_vk_error("Failed to create vertex shader module", res);
+		return VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+	}
+
+	return module;
+}
+
 static struct wlr_vk_render_format_setup *find_or_create_render_setup(
 		struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer, const struct wlr_vk_format *format,
 		bool has_blending_buffer, bool srgb);
@@ -152,9 +167,14 @@ struct wlr_vk_descriptor_pool *vulkan_alloc_texture_ds(
 
 struct wlr_vk_descriptor_pool *vulkan_alloc_blend_ds(
 	struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer, VkDescriptorSet *ds) {
+	struct wlr_vk_render_submit_pass *submit_pass =
+		wlr_vk_render_submit_pass_from_pass(renderer->wlr_renderer.submit_pass);;
+	assert(submit_pass != NULL);
+
 	return alloc_ds(renderer, ds, VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_INPUT_ATTACHMENT,
-		&renderer->output_ds_srgb_layout, &renderer->output_descriptor_pools,
-		&renderer->last_output_pool_size);
+		&submit_pass->output.ds_srgb_layout,
+		&submit_pass->output.descriptor_pools,
+		&submit_pass->output.last_pool_size);
 }
 
 void vulkan_free_ds(struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer,
@@ -1232,15 +1252,6 @@ static void vulkan_destroy(struct wlr_renderer *wlr_renderer) {
 		vkDestroyDescriptorPool(dev->dev, pool->pool, NULL);
 		free(pool);
 	}
-	wl_list_for_each_safe(pool, tmp_pool, &renderer->output_descriptor_pools, link) {
-		vkDestroyDescriptorPool(dev->dev, pool->pool, NULL);
-		free(pool);
-	}
-
-	vkDestroyShaderModule(dev->dev, renderer->vert_module, NULL);
-	vkDestroyShaderModule(dev->dev, renderer->tex_frag_module, NULL);
-	vkDestroyShaderModule(dev->dev, renderer->quad_frag_module, NULL);
-	vkDestroyShaderModule(dev->dev, renderer->output_module, NULL);
 
 	struct wlr_vk_pipeline_layout *pipeline_layout, *pipeline_layout_tmp;
 	wl_list_for_each_safe(pipeline_layout, pipeline_layout_tmp,
@@ -1252,16 +1263,8 @@ static void vulkan_destroy(struct wlr_renderer *wlr_renderer) {
 		free(pipeline_layout);
 	}
 
-	vkDestroyImageView(dev->dev, renderer->dummy3d_image_view, NULL);
-	vkDestroyImage(dev->dev, renderer->dummy3d_image, NULL);
-	vkFreeMemory(dev->dev, renderer->dummy3d_mem, NULL);
-
 	vkDestroySemaphore(dev->dev, renderer->timeline_semaphore, NULL);
-	vkDestroyPipelineLayout(dev->dev, renderer->output_pipe_layout, NULL);
-	vkDestroyDescriptorSetLayout(dev->dev, renderer->output_ds_srgb_layout, NULL);
-	vkDestroyDescriptorSetLayout(dev->dev, renderer->output_ds_lut3d_layout, NULL);
 	vkDestroyCommandPool(dev->dev, renderer->command_pool, NULL);
-	vkDestroySampler(dev->dev, renderer->output_sampler_lut3d, NULL);
 
 	if (renderer->read_pixels_cache.initialized) {
 		vkFreeMemory(dev->dev, renderer->read_pixels_cache.dst_img_memory, NULL);
@@ -1697,7 +1700,8 @@ static bool init_tex_layouts(struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer,
 	return true;
 }
 
-static bool init_blend_to_output_layouts(struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer) {
+static bool init_blend_to_output_layouts(struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer,
+		struct wlr_vk_render_submit_pass *submit_pass) {
 	VkResult res;
 	VkDevice dev = renderer->dev->dev;
 
@@ -1715,7 +1719,8 @@ static bool init_blend_to_output_layouts(struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer) {
 		.pBindings = &ds_binding_input,
 	};
 
-	res = vkCreateDescriptorSetLayout(dev, &ds_info, NULL, &renderer->output_ds_srgb_layout);
+	res = vkCreateDescriptorSetLayout(dev, &ds_info, NULL,
+		&submit_pass->output.ds_srgb_layout);
 	if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
 		wlr_vk_error("vkCreateDescriptorSetLayout", res);
 		return false;
@@ -1734,7 +1739,7 @@ static bool init_blend_to_output_layouts(struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer) {
 	};
 
 	res = vkCreateSampler(renderer->dev->dev, &sampler_create_info, NULL,
-		&renderer->output_sampler_lut3d);
+		&submit_pass->output.sampler_lut3d);
 	if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
 		wlr_vk_error("vkCreateSampler", res);
 		return false;
@@ -1745,7 +1750,7 @@ static bool init_blend_to_output_layouts(struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer) {
 		.descriptorType = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER,
 		.descriptorCount = 1,
 		.stageFlags = VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT,
-		.pImmutableSamplers = &renderer->output_sampler_lut3d,
+		.pImmutableSamplers = &submit_pass->output.sampler_lut3d,
 	};
 
 	VkDescriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo ds_lut3d_info = {
@@ -1755,7 +1760,7 @@ static bool init_blend_to_output_layouts(struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer) {
 	};
 
 	res = vkCreateDescriptorSetLayout(dev, &ds_lut3d_info, NULL,
-		&renderer->output_ds_lut3d_layout);
+		&submit_pass->output.ds_lut3d_layout);
 	if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
 		wlr_vk_error("vkCreateDescriptorSetLayout", res);
 		return false;
@@ -1776,8 +1781,8 @@ static bool init_blend_to_output_layouts(struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer) {
 	};
 
 	VkDescriptorSetLayout out_ds_layouts[] = {
-		renderer->output_ds_srgb_layout,
-		renderer->output_ds_lut3d_layout,
+		submit_pass->output.ds_srgb_layout,
+		submit_pass->output.ds_lut3d_layout,
 	};
 
 	VkPipelineLayoutCreateInfo pl_info = {
@@ -1788,7 +1793,8 @@ static bool init_blend_to_output_layouts(struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer) {
 		.pPushConstantRanges = pc_ranges,
 	};
 
-	res = vkCreatePipelineLayout(dev, &pl_info, NULL, &renderer->output_pipe_layout);
+	res = vkCreatePipelineLayout(dev, &pl_info, NULL,
+		&submit_pass->output.pipe_layout);
 	if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
 		wlr_vk_error("vkCreatePipelineLayout", res);
 		return false;
@@ -1842,7 +1848,8 @@ static bool pipeline_key_equals(const struct wlr_vk_pipeline_key *a,
 // VkRenderPass and VkPipelineLayout.
 struct wlr_vk_pipeline *setup_get_or_create_pipeline(
 		struct wlr_vk_render_format_setup *setup,
-		const struct wlr_vk_pipeline_key *key) {
+		const struct wlr_vk_pipeline_key *key,
+		VkShaderModule vert_module, VkShaderModule frag_module) {
 	struct wlr_vk_pipeline *pipeline;
 	wl_list_for_each(pipeline, &setup->pipelines, link) {
 		if (pipeline_key_equals(&pipeline->key, key)) {
@@ -1889,7 +1896,7 @@ struct wlr_vk_pipeline *setup_get_or_create_pipeline(
 	stages[0] = (VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo) {
 		.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_SHADER_STAGE_CREATE_INFO,
 		.stage = VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT,
-		.module = renderer->vert_module,
+		.module = vert_module,
 		.pName = "main",
 	};
 
@@ -1898,7 +1905,7 @@ struct wlr_vk_pipeline *setup_get_or_create_pipeline(
 		stages[1] = (VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo) {
 			.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_SHADER_STAGE_CREATE_INFO,
 			.stage = VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT,
-			.module = renderer->quad_frag_module,
+			.module = frag_module,
 			.pName = "main",
 		};
 		break;
@@ -1906,7 +1913,7 @@ struct wlr_vk_pipeline *setup_get_or_create_pipeline(
 		stages[1] = (VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo) {
 			.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_SHADER_STAGE_CREATE_INFO,
 			.stage = VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT,
-			.module = renderer->tex_frag_module,
+			.module = frag_module,
 			.pName = "main",
 			.pSpecializationInfo = &specialization,
 		};
@@ -2003,6 +2010,7 @@ struct wlr_vk_pipeline *setup_get_or_create_pipeline(
 }
 
 static bool init_blend_to_output_pipeline(struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer,
+		struct wlr_vk_render_submit_pass *submit_pass,
 		VkRenderPass rp, VkPipelineLayout pipe_layout, VkPipeline *pipe,
 		enum wlr_vk_output_transform transform) {
 	VkResult res;
@@ -2025,13 +2033,13 @@ static bool init_blend_to_output_pipeline(struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer,
 		{
 			.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_SHADER_STAGE_CREATE_INFO,
 			.stage = VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT,
-			.module = renderer->vert_module,
+			.module = submit_pass->output.vert_module,
 			.pName = "main",
 		},
 		{
 			.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_SHADER_STAGE_CREATE_INFO,
 			.stage = VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT,
-			.module = renderer->output_module,
+			.module = submit_pass->output.frag_module,
 			.pName = "main",
 			.pSpecializationInfo = &specialization,
 		},
@@ -2235,7 +2243,8 @@ struct wlr_vk_pipeline_layout *get_or_create_pipeline_layout(
  * the sampler, a valid descriptor set should be bound. Create that here, linked to
  * a 1x1x1 image.
  */
-static bool init_dummy_images(struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer) {
+static bool init_dummy_images(struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer,
+		struct wlr_vk_render_submit_pass *submit_pass) {
 	VkResult res;
 	VkDevice dev = renderer->dev->dev;
 
@@ -2254,14 +2263,14 @@ static bool init_dummy_images(struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer) {
 		.tiling = VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL,
 		.usage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_SAMPLED_BIT,
 	};
-	res = vkCreateImage(dev, &img_info, NULL, &renderer->dummy3d_image);
+	res = vkCreateImage(dev, &img_info, NULL, &submit_pass->output.dummy3d_image);
 	if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
 		wlr_vk_error("vkCreateImage failed", res);
 		return false;
 	}
 
 	VkMemoryRequirements mem_reqs = {0};
-	vkGetImageMemoryRequirements(dev, renderer->dummy3d_image, &mem_reqs);
+	vkGetImageMemoryRequirements(dev, submit_pass->output.dummy3d_image, &mem_reqs);
 	int mem_type_index = vulkan_find_mem_type(renderer->dev,
 		VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT, mem_reqs.memoryTypeBits);
 	if (mem_type_index == -1) {
@@ -2273,12 +2282,13 @@ static bool init_dummy_images(struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer) {
 		.allocationSize = mem_reqs.size,
 		.memoryTypeIndex = mem_type_index,
 	};
-	res = vkAllocateMemory(dev, &mem_info, NULL, &renderer->dummy3d_mem);
+	res = vkAllocateMemory(dev, &mem_info, NULL, &submit_pass->output.dummy3d_mem);
 	if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
 		wlr_vk_error("vkAllocateMemory failed", res);
 		return false;
 	}
-	res = vkBindImageMemory(dev, renderer->dummy3d_image, renderer->dummy3d_mem, 0);
+	res = vkBindImageMemory(dev, submit_pass->output.dummy3d_image,
+		submit_pass->output.dummy3d_mem, 0);
 	if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
 		wlr_vk_error("vkBindMemory failed", res);
 		return false;
@@ -2299,29 +2309,31 @@ static bool init_dummy_images(struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer) {
 			.baseArrayLayer = 0,
 			.layerCount = 1,
 		},
-		.image = renderer->dummy3d_image,
+		.image = submit_pass->output.dummy3d_image,
 	};
-	res = vkCreateImageView(dev, &view_info, NULL, &renderer->dummy3d_image_view);
+	res = vkCreateImageView(dev, &view_info, NULL,
+		&submit_pass->output.dummy3d_image_view);
 	if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
 		wlr_vk_error("vkCreateImageView failed", res);
 		return false;
 	}
 
-	renderer->output_ds_lut3d_dummy_pool = vulkan_alloc_texture_ds(renderer,
-		renderer->output_ds_lut3d_layout, &renderer->output_ds_lut3d_dummy);
-	if (!renderer->output_ds_lut3d_dummy_pool) {
+	submit_pass->output.ds_lut3d_dummy_pool = vulkan_alloc_texture_ds(renderer,
+		submit_pass->output.ds_lut3d_layout,
+		&submit_pass->output.ds_lut3d_dummy);
+	if (!submit_pass->output.ds_lut3d_dummy_pool) {
 		wlr_log(WLR_ERROR, "Failed to allocate descriptor");
 		return false;
 	}
 	VkDescriptorImageInfo ds_img_info = {
-		.imageView = renderer->dummy3d_image_view,
+		.imageView = submit_pass->output.dummy3d_image_view,
 		.imageLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL,
 	};
 	VkWriteDescriptorSet ds_write = {
 		.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_WRITE_DESCRIPTOR_SET,
 		.descriptorCount = 1,
 		.descriptorType = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER,
-		.dstSet = renderer->output_ds_lut3d_dummy,
+		.dstSet = submit_pass->output.ds_lut3d_dummy,
 		.pImageInfo = &ds_img_info,
 	};
 	vkUpdateDescriptorSets(dev, 1, &ds_write, 0, NULL);
@@ -2329,53 +2341,30 @@ static bool init_dummy_images(struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer) {
 	return true;
 }
 
-// Creates static render data, such as sampler, layouts and shader modules
-// for the given renderer.
-// Cleanup is done by destroying the renderer.
-static bool init_static_render_data(struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer) {
+// Creates static blend->output render data for the given submit pass.
+// Cleanup is done by destroying the submit pass.
+bool vulkan_init_submit_pass_output(struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer,
+		struct wlr_vk_render_submit_pass *submit_pass) {
+
 	VkResult res;
 	VkDevice dev = renderer->dev->dev;
 
-	if (!init_blend_to_output_layouts(renderer)) {
+	if (!init_blend_to_output_layouts(renderer, submit_pass)) {
 		return false;
 	}
 
-	if (!init_dummy_images(renderer)) {
+	if (!init_dummy_images(renderer, submit_pass)) {
 		return false;
 	}
 
-	// load vert module and tex frag module since they are needed to
-	// initialize the tex pipeline
 	VkShaderModuleCreateInfo sinfo = {
 		.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SHADER_MODULE_CREATE_INFO,
 		.codeSize = sizeof(common_vert_data),
 		.pCode = common_vert_data,
 	};
-	res = vkCreateShaderModule(dev, &sinfo, NULL, &renderer->vert_module);
+	res = vkCreateShaderModule(dev, &sinfo, NULL, &submit_pass->output.vert_module);
 	if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
-		wlr_vk_error("Failed to create vertex shader module", res);
-		return false;
-	}
-
-	sinfo = (VkShaderModuleCreateInfo){
-		.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SHADER_MODULE_CREATE_INFO,
-		.codeSize = sizeof(texture_frag_data),
-		.pCode = texture_frag_data,
-	};
-	res = vkCreateShaderModule(dev, &sinfo, NULL, &renderer->tex_frag_module);
-	if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
-		wlr_vk_error("Failed to create tex fragment shader module", res);
-		return false;
-	}
-
-	sinfo = (VkShaderModuleCreateInfo){
-		.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SHADER_MODULE_CREATE_INFO,
-		.codeSize = sizeof(quad_frag_data),
-		.pCode = quad_frag_data,
-	};
-	res = vkCreateShaderModule(dev, &sinfo, NULL, &renderer->quad_frag_module);
-	if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
-		wlr_vk_error("Failed to create quad fragment shader module", res);
+		wlr_vk_error("Failed to create blend->output vertex shader module", res);
 		return false;
 	}
 
@@ -2384,7 +2373,7 @@ static bool init_static_render_data(struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer) {
 		.codeSize = sizeof(output_frag_data),
 		.pCode = output_frag_data,
 	};
-	res = vkCreateShaderModule(dev, &sinfo, NULL, &renderer->output_module);
+	res = vkCreateShaderModule(dev, &sinfo, NULL, &submit_pass->output.frag_module);
 	if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
 		wlr_vk_error("Failed to create blend->output fragment shader module", res);
 		return false;
@@ -2421,6 +2410,12 @@ static struct wlr_vk_render_format_setup *find_or_create_render_setup(
 	VkResult res;
 
 	if (use_blending_buffer) {
+		struct wlr_vk_render_submit_pass *submit_pass =
+			wlr_vk_render_submit_pass_from_pass(renderer->wlr_renderer.submit_pass);;
+		if (submit_pass == NULL) {
+			goto error;
+		}
+
 		VkAttachmentDescription attachments[] = {
 			{
 				.format = VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_SFLOAT,
@@ -2532,32 +2527,38 @@ static struct wlr_vk_render_format_setup *find_or_create_render_setup(
 
 		// this is only well defined if render pass has a 2nd subpass
 		if (!init_blend_to_output_pipeline(
-				renderer, setup->render_pass, renderer->output_pipe_layout,
+				renderer, submit_pass, setup->render_pass,
+				submit_pass->output.pipe_layout,
 				&setup->output_pipe_identity, WLR_VK_OUTPUT_TRANSFORM_IDENTITY)) {
 			goto error;
 		}
 		if (!init_blend_to_output_pipeline(
-				renderer, setup->render_pass, renderer->output_pipe_layout,
+				renderer, submit_pass, setup->render_pass,
+				submit_pass->output.pipe_layout,
 				&setup->output_pipe_lut3d, WLR_VK_OUTPUT_TRANSFORM_LUT3D)) {
 			goto error;
 		}
 		if (!init_blend_to_output_pipeline(
-				renderer, setup->render_pass, renderer->output_pipe_layout,
+				renderer, submit_pass, setup->render_pass,
+				submit_pass->output.pipe_layout,
 				&setup->output_pipe_srgb, WLR_VK_OUTPUT_TRANSFORM_INVERSE_SRGB)) {
 			goto error;
 		}
 		if (!init_blend_to_output_pipeline(
-				renderer, setup->render_pass, renderer->output_pipe_layout,
+				renderer, submit_pass, setup->render_pass,
+				submit_pass->output.pipe_layout,
 				&setup->output_pipe_pq, WLR_VK_OUTPUT_TRANSFORM_INVERSE_ST2084_PQ)) {
 			goto error;
 		}
 		if (!init_blend_to_output_pipeline(
-				renderer, setup->render_pass, renderer->output_pipe_layout,
+				renderer, submit_pass, setup->render_pass,
+				submit_pass->output.pipe_layout,
 				&setup->output_pipe_gamma22, WLR_VK_OUTPUT_TRANSFORM_INVERSE_GAMMA22)) {
 			goto error;
 		}
 		if (!init_blend_to_output_pipeline(
-			renderer, setup->render_pass, renderer->output_pipe_layout,
+			renderer, submit_pass, setup->render_pass,
+			submit_pass->output.pipe_layout,
 			&setup->output_pipe_bt1886, WLR_VK_OUTPUT_TRANSFORM_INVERSE_BT1886)) {
 			goto error;
 		}
@@ -2634,29 +2635,6 @@ static struct wlr_vk_render_format_setup *find_or_create_render_setup(
 		}
 	}
 
-	if (!setup_get_or_create_pipeline(setup, &(struct wlr_vk_pipeline_key){
-		.source = WLR_VK_SHADER_SOURCE_SINGLE_COLOR,
-		.layout = {0},
-	})) {
-		goto error;
-	}
-
-	if (!setup_get_or_create_pipeline(setup, &(struct wlr_vk_pipeline_key){
-		.source = WLR_VK_SHADER_SOURCE_TEXTURE,
-		.texture_transform = WLR_VK_TEXTURE_TRANSFORM_IDENTITY,
-		.layout = {0},
-	})) {
-		goto error;
-	}
-
-	if (!setup_get_or_create_pipeline(setup, &(struct wlr_vk_pipeline_key){
-		.source = WLR_VK_SHADER_SOURCE_TEXTURE,
-		.texture_transform = WLR_VK_TEXTURE_TRANSFORM_SRGB,
-		.layout = {0},
-	})) {
-		goto error;
-	}
-
 	wl_list_insert(&renderer->render_format_setups, &setup->link);
 	return setup;
 
@@ -2681,7 +2659,6 @@ struct wlr_renderer *vulkan_renderer_create_for_device(struct wlr_vk_device *dev
 	wl_list_init(&renderer->foreign_textures);
 	wl_list_init(&renderer->textures);
 	wl_list_init(&renderer->descriptor_pools);
-	wl_list_init(&renderer->output_descriptor_pools);
 	wl_list_init(&renderer->render_format_setups);
 	wl_list_init(&renderer->render_buffers);
 	wl_list_init(&renderer->color_transforms);
@@ -2697,10 +2674,6 @@ struct wlr_renderer *vulkan_renderer_create_for_device(struct wlr_vk_device *dev
 		renderer->wlr_renderer.features.timeline = dev->sync_file_import_export && cap_syncobj_timeline != 0;
 	}
 
-	if (!init_static_render_data(renderer)) {
-		goto error;
-	}
-
 	VkCommandPoolCreateInfo cpool_info = {
 		.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_POOL_CREATE_INFO,
 		.flags = VK_COMMAND_POOL_CREATE_RESET_COMMAND_BUFFER_BIT,
diff --git a/render/wlr_renderer.c b/render/wlr_renderer.c
index e65314ccc..296c276df 100644
--- a/render/wlr_renderer.c
+++ b/render/wlr_renderer.c
@@ -53,6 +53,9 @@ void wlr_renderer_destroy(struct wlr_renderer *r) {
 	assert(wl_list_empty(&r->events.destroy.listener_list));
 	assert(wl_list_empty(&r->events.lost.listener_list));
 
+	wlr_render_rect_pass_destroy(r->rect_pass);
+	wlr_render_texture_pass_destroy(r->texture_pass);
+	wlr_render_submit_pass_destroy(r->submit_pass);
 	if (r->impl && r->impl->destroy) {
 		r->impl->destroy(r);
 	} else {
diff --git a/tinywl/Makefile b/tinywl/Makefile
index 0f1c4cb13..c8f38d999 100644
--- a/tinywl/Makefile
+++ b/tinywl/Makefile
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 PKG_CONFIG?=pkg-config
 
 PKGS="wlroots-0.21" wayland-server xkbcommon
+CFLAGS_PIXMAN!=$(PKG_CONFIG) --cflags pixman-1
 CFLAGS_PKG_CONFIG!=$(PKG_CONFIG) --cflags $(PKGS)
-CFLAGS+=$(CFLAGS_PKG_CONFIG)
+CFLAGS+=$(CFLAGS_PIXMAN) $(CFLAGS_PKG_CONFIG)
 LIBS!=$(PKG_CONFIG) --libs $(PKGS)
 
 all: tinywl
diff --git a/types/output/output.c b/types/output/output.c
index 46da1f425..80fc0680b 100644
--- a/types/output/output.c
+++ b/types/output/output.c
@@ -377,6 +377,7 @@ void wlr_output_init(struct wlr_output *output, struct wlr_backend *backend,
 	wl_signal_init(&output->events.description);
 	wl_signal_init(&output->events.request_state);
 	wl_signal_init(&output->events.destroy);
+	wl_signal_init(&output->events.render_inited);
 
 	output->software_cursor_locks = env_parse_bool("WLR_NO_HARDWARE_CURSORS");
 	if (output->software_cursor_locks) {
@@ -407,6 +408,7 @@ void wlr_output_finish(struct wlr_output *output) {
 	assert(wl_list_empty(&output->events.description.listener_list));
 	assert(wl_list_empty(&output->events.request_state.listener_list));
 	assert(wl_list_empty(&output->events.destroy.listener_list));
+	assert(wl_list_empty(&output->events.render_inited.listener_list));
 
 	wlr_output_destroy_global(output);
 
diff --git a/types/output/render.c b/types/output/render.c
index 155da5cf8..78daa3d48 100644
--- a/types/output/render.c
+++ b/types/output/render.c
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 #include <wlr/render/allocator.h>
 #include <wlr/render/interface.h>
 #include <wlr/render/swapchain.h>
+#include <wlr/render/interface.h>
 #include <wlr/util/log.h>
 #include <xf86drm.h>
 #include "render/drm_format_set.h"
@@ -35,6 +36,12 @@ bool wlr_output_init_render(struct wlr_output *output,
 	output->allocator = allocator;
 	output->renderer = renderer;
 
+	get_or_create_render_rect_pass(renderer);
+	get_or_create_render_texture_pass(renderer);
+	get_or_create_render_submit_pass(renderer);
+
+	wl_signal_emit_mutable(&output->events.render_inited, output);
+
 	return true;
 }